Фгну «Центр социологических исследований»

Российская академия наук

Институт социологии

The Social Forecasts and Marketing

Center

Moscow 2011

Zh.T. Toshchenko

Sociology of Governance

and Administration

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Russian State Humanitarian University

Federal State Scientific Institution

“Center for Sociological Research”

Russian Academy of Sciences

Institute of Sociology

УДК 316.3/.4

ББК 60.54

Т 648

Тощенко Ж.Т.

Социология управления. Учебник. – М.: Центр соци-

ального прогнозирования и маркетинга, 2011. – 300 с.

ISBN 978-598201-041-4.

В учебнике осуществлен принципиально новый подход к изложению

проблем социологии управления – в его основу положен алгоритм при-

нятия управленческого решения, который начинается с постановки цели

(предвидение, прогнозирование), затем реализуется в методах (планирова-

ние, проектирование, программирование) и завершается организационной

работой (социальные технологии, в том числе социальный эксперимент,

концептуальные требования по управлению организацией). Так как эта

форма управления направлена на решение социальных проблем, отдельно

выделяется и подробно анализируется процесс управления человеческими

ресурсами (стиль управления, участие в управлении, побуждение к твор-

честву, социально-психологические отношения).

Во всех разделах учебника показано отличие социологии управления

от социологии менеджмента, являющегося своеобразной «инструкцией»,

пособием для решения прикладных задач, в то время как социология уп-

равления нацелена на обобщающие, концептуальные принципы, необхо-

димые для применения во всех без исключения организациях и вне зави-

симости от конкретных ситуаций.

Учебник предназначен для студентов, аспирантов и преподавателей

социологии, а также других (смежных) социальных дисциплин, для всех

интересующихся социальными проблемами управления.

УДК 316.3/.4

ББК 60.65

© Тощенко Ж.Т., 2011

© Центр социального прогнозирования

ISBN 978-598201-041-4 и маркетинга, 2011

Учебник подготовлен в рамках проекта

Министерства образования и науки РФ

«Исследование и комплексный анализ реализуемых в рамках

приоритетного развития науки и технологий кооперационных

проектов, направленных на развитие сетевого взаимодействия

российских высших учебных заведений, научных организаций,

производственных предприятий. Разработка методической

базы по обновлению квалификационной структуры

современных образовательных программ, построенных

в рамках кооперации ВУЗов, научных организаций

и производственных предприятий»

(№ 13.521.12.1004 от 24.11.2010 г.)

Т648

Zh.T. Toshchenko

Sociology of Governance and Administration. Textbook. –

M.: Social Forecasts and Marketing Center, 2011. – 300 p.

ISBN 978-598201-041-4.

The textbook presents author’s realization of a basically new approach to

the issues of governance/administration. It is founded on an algorithm, or

sequence of actions – of a governance/administrative decision taking, which

begins with goal setting (foresight, and forecasting), further effected in

methods (planning, design, and programming) to be completed with organization

work (social technologies including, i.e., feasible experimentations, and

generalized requirements to the organization management). Since this form

of governance/administration is aimed at resolving societal problems, the

process of managing human resources (style of governance, participation in

governance, incentives for creative work, social psychological relationships)

are duly emphasized and analyzed in detail.

In the textbook, consecutive differentiation from sociology of management

is followed, the latter being directed towards implementation of specific

tasks in specific organizations and serving as a sort of guide, or manual, for

doing applied tasks, while sociology of governance/administration dwells in

generalized principles required for application in al l- without exemption –

organizations independent from their specific situation.

For under- and post-graduate students and teachers in sociology, as well

as in other (neighboring) social disciplines, for those interested in social issues

of governance/administration.

УДК 316.3/.4

ББК 60.65

УДК 316.3/.4

ББК 60.54

Т 648

Т648

© Toshchenko Zh.T., 2011

© Social Forecasts

ISBN 978-598201-041-4 and Marketing Center, 2011

FOREWORD

Preface..................................... 12

Раrt 1

EVOLUTION OF GOVERNANCE/ADMINISTRATION

THEORY AND PRACTICE

Chapter 1. O rigins of governance/administration concepts

and the ories............................ 16

1.1. Forerunners of governance ideas............. 16

1.2. Genesis of scientific ideas in governance/

administration........................ 18

1.3. Russian school of governance/administration...... 26

Chapter 2. S ubject matter and structure of sociology

of governance/administration.................. 33

2.1. Соntents of sociology of governance/administration.. 33

2.2. Subject matter of sociology of governance/

administration........................ 39

2.3. Basic lines of governing societal development...... 44

Раrt II

GOVERNANCE/ADMINISTRATION CYCLE

Chapter 3. S ocial foresight.......................... 54

3.1. Essence of social foresight................. 55

3.2. Methods of social foresight................. 59

3.3. Intuition’s role in social foresight............. 62

Chapter 4. S ocial forecasting......................... 66

4.1. Essence of social forecasting................ 67

4.2. Аlgorithm and methods of social forecasting....... 73

4.3. Effectiveness of social forecasts.............. 82

Chapter 5. S ocial planning.......................... 87

5.1. A history of social planning origins............ 87

5.2. Essence of social planning................. 90

5.3. Forms and methods of social planning........... 94

5.4. Indices and guidelines of social planning......... 98

Chapter 6. S ocial designing......................... 104

6.1. Essence of social designing................ 104

6.2. On social designing methodology............. 107

6.3. Methods and stages of social designing.......... 109

6.4. Varieties of social designing................ 113

6.5. Efficiency of social designing............... 116

Foreword

Chapter 7. Social programm ing....................... 119

7.1. Social problem as object of programming........ 119

7.2. Essence and specifics of social programming...... 123

7.3. Forms and methods of social programming....... 125

7.4. Algorithm of social programming............. 131

Chapter 8. Social technologies........................ 136

8.1. What is social technology................. 136

8.2. Forms, varieties and stages of social technologies... 142

8.3. Тechnological culture.................... 146

8.4. Social experiment...................... 150

Chapter 9. Sociology of organizations.................... 158

9.1. Sociology of organizations as a specific

governance concept..................... 158

9.2. Nature and structure of organization.......... 161

9.3. Basic and situational methodologies

of organization governance................ 166

9.4. Outer milieu of organization as most important

precondition for functioning and development

of organizations...................... 168

Раrt III

HUMAN FACTOR IN GOVERNANCE AND

ADMINISTRATION

Chapter 10. G enesis of ideas about governance/administration

human resources......................... 176

10.1. Essence and contents of human resources

governance/administration............... 177

10.2. Subject of activities in the realm of human

resources governance/administration......... 182

10.3. Some ways to improve human resources

governance/administration............... 187

Chapter 11. S tyle of governance/administration............. 192

11.1. Theory of personality traits............... 192

11.2. Behavioral approach................... 199

11.3. Situational approach................... 205

11.4. Russian school pf guidance models........... 210

11.5. Contemporary theories of guidance.......... 214

Chapter 12. P articipation in governance/administration......... 220

12.1. Forerunners of ideas and practices

in governance/administration participation..... 220

12.2. Participation in governance/administration

(participatory governance/administration)...... 225

12.3. Social partnership – a contemporary phenomenon

of labor relations..................... 231

Foreword

Chapter 13. G overnance/administration of creative potentialities.... 241

13.1. What is creative, and its specifics in production

organizations....................... 241

13.2. Stages, types, forms and phases

of creative work..................... 249

13.3. Methods of organization of creative processes.... 254

13.4. Outlook for developing creative work

in organizations..................... 262

Chapter 14. S ocial psychological resources of organization....... 264

14.1. Social psychological relations: from experiment

to theory......................... 265

14.2. Interpersonal relations in primary organization.... 269

14.3. Immediate chief and subordinate: social

psychological reserves.................. 275

14.4. “Employee – administration” link in the structure

of relationships in organization............ 279

Bibliographic Guide.............................. 286

Содержание

Предисловие. 12

Раздел I