In pairs, discuss what is meant by “simple machines”. Are they still in use today? If yes, give some examples.
Содержание книги
- recover losses - worker - numerical control
- Translate the following sentences into English.
- Group the following words into three columns: nouns, adjective and verbs. Some of them fit into more than one column.
- Listen to the text and answer the following questions.
- type - hard disk - folders
- Write questions in the Present Perfect Tense.
- Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
- Listen again and answer the questions.
- These tasks can help you to practise The Past Simple Tense (See Appendix 1 p. 214 – 218) and do the following exercises.
- Write these sentences into the Present Simple negative form.
- Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- Pre-listening. Match the English words on the left to their Ukrainian equivalents on the right.
- Some of the following sentences contain mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.
- Look at the pictures which show the problems of the environment and match the suggestions with their problems.
- Pre-listening: match the words on the left to the words on the right.
- Listen to three people taking part in a survey about recycling. Mark statements as Yes (Ö) or No (c).
- Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- What is force? Give examples of forces acting on people and objects around us.
- Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
- Think of examples of natural materials that can change shape or colour, or repair themselves. Discuss with your partner what forces are used in these processes.
- Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple Tense, the Present Simple Tense, the Present Continuous Tense or the correct form of be going to.
- What do you know about the forces of gravity, friction and magnetism? How do they influence our lives?
- Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- Pre-listening: match the English words and phrases in the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.
- force of gravity - magnetism - north/south pole
- In pairs, discuss what is meant by “simple machines”. Are they still in use today? If yes, give some examples.
- Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
- Pre-listening: match the English words and phrases in the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.
- to improve production processes - equipment
- Fill in the gaps with the proper item.
- In pairs, discuss what is meant by “complex machines”. Give examples of such machines.
- Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
- These tasks can help you to practise grammar topic “The Modals: Permission - Obligation” (See Appendix 1 p. 230 – 234) and do the following exercises.
- Complete the sentences with should or shouldn't and the words in brackets.
- Name as many metals as you can? Where are they used?
- Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- Do you agree with the following proverbs? Discuss them with your classmates.
- Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.
- Look at the objects in the pictures. What materials do you think they are made of and why?
- Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- Listen to the text and complete the sentences.
- design and construction - dimensions of the object
- Put the questions into the Passive Voice.
- Listen to the conversations. Write the numbers.
- Work in pairs. What numbers do people usually consider lucky and unlucky and why?
- Translate the following sentences into English.
- Pre-listening match the words from the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.
- Listen to the text and complete the sentences.
- Match the items in two columns in order to make correct Type 0 conditional sentences, as in the example.
- What other geometric figures do you know? Name the objects in the classroom that have the shape of a circle, triangle, square, rectangle, oval, arc, cube, cylinder, hexagon, etc.
UNIT 9
SIMPLE MACHINES
LEAD-IN
1. In pairs, discuss what is meant by “simple machines”. Are they still in use today? If yes, give some examples.
2. What simple machines can you see in the picture? Which one is missing?
READING
3. Read the text about simple machines and complete the following sentences:
1. A …. looks a lot like a wheel and axle with a rope over it.
2. A …. is a bar with a balance point called the fulcrum.
3. A …. helps you do more work than you could do by yourself.
4. A nail is a familiar form of the …. .
5. The …. was the probable method employed by the Egyptians for manipulating into place the huge blocks of stone in the pyramids.
6. The …. is a triangle with two chief surfaces that meet in a sharp angle or taper to a thin edge.
7. The mechanical engineer more frequently uses the …., a spiral form of the inclined plane.
Simple Machines
In physics, a simple machine is any device that only requires the application of a single force to work. Work is done when a force is applied and results in movement over a set distance. The work done is the product of the force and the distance.
The traditional list of simple machines is:
- The inclined plane
- The wheel and axle
- The lever
- The pulley
- The wedge
- The screw
These simple machines have something in common. It's easy to see how the wheel and axle and the pulley are related; a pulley looks a lot like a wheel and axle with a rope over it. This simple device was used in ancient times for tasks such as raising water from wells or streams and hoisting sails onto ships.
A lever doesn't look much like a wheel and axle or a pulley. For starters, it isn't even round! So you may be surprised to learn that the lever is the basic simple machine that the other two are based on.
A lever is a bar with a balance point called the fulcrum. A garden shovel is an example. In a wheel and axle, the fulcrum is in the center. A lever helps you do more work than you could do by yourself. It seems like it makes you stronger, but it really doesn't. Like all simple machines, a lever can either give you more force or more distance, but as you get more of one you always give up some of the other. Levers are also used just to change the direction of a force.
The three remaining simple machines are so related to one another that they are sometimes grouped together. They are the wedge, the inclined plane, and the screw.
The wedge is a triangle with two chief surfaces that meet in a sharp angle or taper to a thin edge. Wedges are used for splitting open or pushing apart. They were used from very early times for such purposes as quarrying rock, plowing fields or cutting wood, as with an axe. A nail is a familiar form of the wedge.
The inclined plane was the probable method employed by the Egyptians for manipulating into place the huge blocks of stone in the pyramids. Early men and women knew that a weight could be pushed up a hill or a ramp of earth with less effort than would be required to move the same weight vertically. The inclined plane is an important factor that concerns civil engineers when designing highways or railroads.
The mechanical engineer more frequently uses the screw, a spiral form of the inclined plane. Today we are most familiar with the screw as a fastener but it has numerous other uses. A familiar adaptation is the screw jack used to lift automobiles or any great weight through a short distance.
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