Think of examples of natural materials that can change shape or colour, or repair themselves. Discuss with your partner what forces are used in these processes.

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the English words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. turning moment

a) ричаг

2. pivot

b) обертатися

3. force

c) гаєчний ключ

4. fulcrum

d)  вісь обертання

5. leverage

e) cила

6. revolve

f) точка обертання

7. spanner

g) точка опори

10. Listen to the text and answer the following questions:

1. What does the turning moment depend on?

2. What is turning moment equal to?

3. What advantage does a longer spanner offer in loosening a tight nut?

4. What is the formula for calculating the moment of a force?

5. Why is it sometimes difficult to apply a force at right angles in a motor car engine?

6. Why the handle of a door is at the edge?

SPEAKING

11. Think of examples of natural materials that can change shape or colour, or repair themselves. Discuss with your partner what forces are used in these processes.

12. Work in small groups. You need to prepare some information about different forces and their application in engineering. Use the Internet resources. Then tell your groupmates about the results of your research.

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are a lecturer and you have to give a lecture on physics about different types of forces for the first year students. Before writing read the text again and express the main idea of the text in the shortest way in the written form (60-80 words). The following opening phrases may help you:

- As a matter of fact …

- On the whole …

- In any case ...

- On the other hand …

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practise The Future Simple Tense and be going to (See Appendix 1 p. 219 – 220) and do the following exercises.

14. A salesman is describing a new product to a customer. Complete their conversation with will or won't.

S: This is an excellent new material which 1) …... (to revolutionize) the use of solar panels.

C: I see, and how many hours of sunshine 2) ….. we ….. (to need) to produce energy?

S: It 3) ….. (to be) necessary to have sunshine. It 4) ….. (to operate) in daylight only.

C: 5) ….. it ….. (to provide) enough energy to warm the building in winter?

S: It 6) …... (to warm) the building but you may need additional heating when it is very cold.

C: What’s about installation?

S: We 7) ….. (to install) it for you. It 8) ….. (to take) long and you 9) ….. soon ….. (to see) how effective it is. We 10) ….. (to give) you a three year guarantee and if there are any problems we 11) ….. (to deal) with them immediately.

C: When will you be able to install it?

S: As soon as we receive your order we 12) ….. (to contact) you to discuss a suitable date.

 

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple Tense or the correct form of be going to.

1. Watch out! You ….. (to fall) off the bike.

2. The doorbell is ringing. Who ….. (to open) the door?

3. The sky is full of dark clouds. It ….. (to rain) heavily.

4. These exercises are very difficult. If you want, I ….. (to explain) them to you.

5. As soon as I arrive, I ….. (to send) you a postcard.

6. I am sure the teacher ….. (to understand) your problem. Don't worry.

7. I still don't have a present for Lucy. I think I ….. (to buy) her a CD.