Interpersonal communication is complicated.

 

No form of communication is simple. Because of the number of variables involved, even simple requests are extremely complex. Theorists note that whenever we communicate there are really at least six "people" involved:

1) who you think you are;

2) who you think the other person is;

3) who you think the other person thinks you are;

4) who the other person thinks he /she is;

5) who the other person thinks you are;

6) who the other person thinks you think she/he is.

We don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas. This also complicates communication. Words (symbols) do not have inherent meaning; we simply use them in certain ways, and no two people use the same word exactly alike.

Osmo Wiio (a Finnish researcher in human communication) gives us some communication maxims similar to Murphy's Laws (Osmo Wiio's Laws):

ü If communication can fail, it will.

ü If a message can be understood in different ways, it will be understood in just that way

which does the most harm.

ü There is always somebody who knows better than you what you meant by your message.

ü The more communication there is, the more difficult it is for communication to succeed.

These tongue-in-cheek maxims are not real principles; they simply humorously remind us of the difficulty of accurate communication.

 

Interpersonal communication is contextual.

 

In other words, communication does not happen in isolation. There is:

ü Psychological context, which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values, personality, etc., all form the psychological context. ("You" here refers to both participants in the interaction).

ü Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the other person - the "mix."

ü Situational context deals with the psycho-social "where" you are communicating. An interaction that takes place in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place in a bar.

ü Environmental context deals with the physical "where" you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level, temperature, season, time of day, all are examples of factors in the environmental context.

ü Cultural context includes all the learned behaviours and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture (foreign or within your own country) where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact. If the other person comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact signals trustworthiness, then we have in the cultural context a basis for misunderstanding.

 

7. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

 

1. Remember a basic principle of communication: _______________

a. be polite with others

b. listen to people attentively

c. people are not mind readers.

 

2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible according to the proverb: ____________

a. “Look before you leap”

b. “Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again”

c. “Soft words win hard hearts”.

 

3. There is no form of simple communication because _____________

a. we exchange ideas

b. we swap feelings and ideas

c. we swap symbols that stand for ideas.

 

4. A tongue-in-cheek maxim is _____________

a. a real principle of communication

b. humorous reminding of the difficulty of accurate communication

c. the fact that if communication can fail, it will.

 

5. All the learned behaviours and rules that affect the interaction are considered as __________

a. cultural context of communication

b. psychological context of communication

c. situational context of communication.

 

6. Noise level, temperature, season, time of day are examples of factors in _____________

a. situational context of communication

b. environmental context of communication

c. psychological context of communication.

 

Соотнесите слово и его определение. Переведите слова на русский язык.

Inescapable, irreversible, complicated, contextual, inevitably, involved, inherent, interaction

1. Impossible to avoid. _____________
2. The quality, state or process of (two or more things) acting on each other. __________
3. Not easy to understand or analyze. ____________
4. Connected by participation or association. _____________
5. Incapable of being returned to the original state. _______________
6. Involving in the circumstances in which an event occurs. ____________
7. Invariably occurring or appearing. ____________
8. Existing as an essential constituent or characteristic. __________

 

 

9. Работа в парах. Выступите в качестве психолога. Ответьте на вопросы теста и поменяйтесь листочками с ответами с партнером.

а) Первая ситуация (А) уже оценена профессиональным психологом, воспользуйтесь ею как подсказкой и сделайте аналогичный анализ с ситуациями, данными ниже.

б) Сравните свои коммуникативные умения с умениями партнера по позициям ситуаций (В), данные в таблице, используя сравнительные обороты (as …as…; more (less) … than…; as twice … as; not so …as). Представьте составленный сравнительный анализ в аудитории.

 

Communicative skills	The partner	I (myself)
communicative
understand the body language well
listen effectively
express feelings easily
express thoughts and ideas clearly
well-skilled

А

1. When I first meet someone, ____________________

A) I wait for the other person to make the introduction first.

B) I introduce myself with a smile and offer a handshake.

C) I hug (обнимать) the person.

Answer:

Best answer: B. It's good to initiate the introduction and introduce yourself with a handshake and smile. If shaking hands is difficult, a quick head nod is a good substitute. Initiating the introduction with a smile and handshake (or head nod) helps build rapport.

By looking at the answers A and C, you can deduce a few self evident realities.

A represents a conservative culture where it might be customary to let the other person speak first, as a matter of respect.

C May not be an appropriate especially if the other person is a tight lipped Brit.This is one of the main reasons why everyone should move beyond the movie stereotypes and actively engage in developing their interpersonal communication skills.

 

B

 

When I talk to someone, I put myself in his or her shoes.

1. I do it every time.
2. I sometimes do it.
3. I never do it.

When talking to people, I pay attention to their body language (e.g. facial expression, hand movement, etc.).

A. I do it every time.

B. I sometimes do it.

C. I never do it.

 

When I know what someone is going to say, I finish the sentence for him or her.

A. I do it every time.

B. I sometimes do it.

C. I never do it.

 

Emotionally charged situations make me uncomfortable.

A. Every time.

B. Sometimes.

C. Never.

 

I have difficulty putting my thoughts into words.

A. Every time.

B. Sometimes.

C. Never.

 

10. Кратко передайте содержание текста на английском языке.

 

Любое общение начинается с того, что у одного из участников коммуникации появляется желание выразить какую-либо мысль или какое-либо чувство. Так возникает смысл посылаемого другому человеку сообщения. Огромную роль в процессе взаимодействия играет развитие навыков коммуникативной компетентности.

Составляющие коммуникативной компетентности личности:

1. Знание норм и правил общения (делового, повседневного, праздничного);

2. Высокий уровень речевого развития, позволяющий человеку в процессе общения

свободно передавать и воспринимать информацию;

3. Понимание невербального языка общения;

4. Умение вступать в контакт с людьми с учетом их половозрастных, социально-

Культурных и статусных характеристик;

5. Умение вести себя адекватно ситуации и управлять ею;

6. Умение воздействовать на собеседника (навыки аргументации и убеждений);

7. Способность правильно определить собеседника как личность, как

потенциального конкурента или партнера, и, в зависимости от этого, выбирать

дальнейшую коммуникативную стратегию;

8. Способность вызвать у собеседника положительное восприятие собственной

личности.

 

Работа в парах. Выберите типичную ситуацию бытового общения (Родитель – сын/дочь; пассажир – водитель автобуса; прохожие на улице; приятели и т.п.). Подготовьте диалог, учитывая нормы межличостного общения, изученные Вами в данном разделе, и разыграйте диалог в аудитории. Другие пары оценивают уровень вашего умения общаться.

 

UNIT4. WHAT IS TELEPHONING?

ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА

to V V2f V3f 4f (V+ing)

		Past Simple wrote asked

 

Present Simple   We write. He asks.

1. Прочитайте а) 1-ю форму глагола; б) 2-ю форму глагола; 3) 3-ю форму глагола.

 

do, did, done, refer, referred, transmit, is, arise, arose, arisen, have, had, has, resolves, set, was, were, are, speak, spoke, spoken, hold, held, become, became, dial, make, made, build, built, come, came, began, begun, begin, flowed, flow.