That’s only one side of the problem – Это только одна сторона проблемы.

Most probably – По всей вероятности …

1. The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them. ~William Lawrence Bragg (the Australian physicist)

2. Science is built up of facts, as a house is built of stones; but an accumulation of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house. ~Henri Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis, 1905

3. A science is any discipline in which the fool of this generation can go beyond the point reached by the genius of the last generation. ~Max Gluckman, Politics, Law and Ritual, 1965

4. The scientist is not a person who gives the right answers, he's one who asks the right questions. ~Claude Lévi-Strauss, Le Cru et le cuit, 1964

5. Facts are not science - as the dictionary is not literature. ~Martin H. Fischer (American physician)

6. The essence of knowledge is, having it, to apply it.~ Confucius, 551-479BC

3. Прочитайте определения понятий «ученый» и «судебный эксперт». Выпишите в таблицу ключевые слова, описывающие суть данных понятий. Составьте с ними предложения.

A scientist, in a broad sense, is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. Scientists perform research toward a more comprehensive understanding of nature, including physical, mathematical and social realms.

Forensic scientists are scientists, but when they apply their scientific knowledge to assist juries, attorneys, and judges in understanding the physical evidence of a criminal case, they become forensic scientists. The word “forensic” applies to the use of scientific methods and techniques to investigate a crime and help to resolve legal issues in a court of law. Forensic science literally means science applied to public affairs or social justice.

 

	KEY WORDS
SCIENTISTS	a systematic activity, knowledge. …
FORENSIC SCIENTISTS	scientific knowledge, a criminal case,..

4. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. How old is forensic science?

2. How do you understand the word “forensic”?

One of the first accounts of forensic science being used to solve a crime occurred in 44 B.C., when Julius Caesar was stabbed to death by Roman senators. A physician named Antistius was called to study the corpse of Julius Caesar. Upon examination of the body, Antistius concluded who was responsible for the crime, and the guilty senators were sentenced to death. The physician made his fateful announcement in the Roman forum, giving forensic (forensic – from the Latin forensics, “belonging to the forum”) science its name.

Местоимения this (этот) и that (тот) имеют формы мн.числа, соответственно: these (эти) и those (те). Если эти местоимения в предложении выполняют функцию подлежащего, то при грамматическом анализе предложения нужно искать сказуемое в соответствующем числе. В этом случае these обычно переводится - они.

Местоимения that / those употребляются также как слова-заместители тех существительных, которые были употреблены ранее. Главным признаком такого употребления является наличие предлога (обычно of) или причастия после that / those.

Слово that также может является относительным местоимением или союзом со значением "что / который / то, что", если оно находится перед придаточным предложением.

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию местоимения в предложении.

 

1. Forensic science describes the science of associating people, places, and things involved in criminal activities; these scientific disciplines assist in investigating and adjudicating criminal and civil cases.

2. Sev­eral departments in the federal government have forensic science labs. These include the Departments of Justice and the Treasury.

3. Each state has its own forensic science laboratory system. These include labs run by state or local government.

4. The dis­cipline has two parts to it divides neatly, like the term that describes it.

5. High school or university teams that compete in debates or public speaking are called "forensics”.

6. The larg­est area of forensic science is criminalistics, which includes the physical evidence that commonly occurs at crime scenes.

7. It is now necessary to have an armoury of complementary investigative tools to crack the hardest cases. These guarantee that the most sophisticated crimes are uncovered, the perpetrators are revealed and case winning evidence is assured.

 

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

 

TEXT

 

FORENSICSCIENCE

 

The Oxford English Dictionary lists one of the first uses of the phrase "forensic science" to describe "a mixed science." The early days of foren­sic science could certainly be called mixed, when science served justice by its application to questions before the court. Forensic science has grown as a profession from the early 1880s and into a science in its own right in the early twenty-first century. Given the public's interest in using science to solve crimes, it looks as if forensic science has an active, even hectic, future.

Forensic science describes the science of associating places, things and people, involved in criminal activities; these scientific disciplines assist in investigating and adjudicating criminal and civil cases. The dis­cipline has two parts to it divides neatly, like the term that describes it.

Science is the collection of systematic methodologies used to increasingly understand the physical world. The word "forensic" is derived from the Latin forum meaning "public." In ancient Rome, the Senate met in the Forum, a public place where the political and policy issues of the day were discussed and debated; even today, high school or university teams that compete in debates or public speaking are called "forensics." More technically, forensic means "as applied to public or legal concerns." Together, "forensic science" is an appropriate term for the profession which answers scientific questions for the courts.

Forensic science is the application of scientific methods to solving crimes. Any science can be a forensic science if it has an application to the criminal justice system. The larg­est area of forensic science is criminalistics, which includes the physical evidence that commonly occurs at crime scenes. There are about 400 crime labs in the United States. Sev­eral departments in the federal government have forensic science labs. These include the Departments of Justice and the Treasury. Each state has its own forensic science laboratory system. These include labs run by state or local government.

Forensic scientists analyze evidence and testify in court as expert witnesses. They may also go to some crime scenes where especially serious or notorious crimes have been com­mitted. Crime laboratories must be secure so that evidence can be protected. There are many types of labs, but they all have an intake section, an analysis section, and a storage location for evidence.

 

 

7. Найдите английские эквиваленты в тексте.

 

Общественный интерес, раскрывать преступления, перспективное будущее, замешанные в уголовных преступлениях, расследование и судебное разрешение дела, четко разделенный, понять в большей степени, насущные государственные и политические вопросы, вещи (дела) общественного и правового характера, система уголовного правосудия, место преступления, управляемая государством, выступать в суде в качестве эксперта, общеизвестное преступление, отдел по сбору проб и образцов.

 

8. Переведите словосочетания из текста на русский язык.

 

3. foren­sic science

4. to solve crimes

5. to assist in investigating and adjudicating criminal and civil cases

6. systematic methodologies

7. to compete in debates

8. labs run by state

9. to analyze evidence

10. to testify in court as expert witnesses

11. to be secure

12. an intake section

 

9. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и переведите их на русский язык а) однокоренным; б) словом со значением, с которым оно использовалось в тексте.

 

application, profession, active, associating, criminal, discipline, assist, collection, physical, forum, political, debates, legal, method, criminalistics, department, local, analyze, scene, laboratory, protect, type, analysis, section.

 

10. Найдите в тексте синонимы английских слов, данных ниже.

 

public, forensics, an offence, a dispute, a corresponding word, research techniques, to be free from danger, to examine.

 

11. Соотнесите слово с определением.

 

1) science

2) forensic science

3) scientific methods

4) the Forum

5) evidence

6) crime laboratories

 

____________________________________________________________________________

a) a public place where the political and policy issues of the day were discussed and debated

b) a place where things from the crime scene are studied

c) a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

d) something legally submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter

e) the application of scientific knowledge and methodology to legal problems and criminal investigations.

f) a systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about the world and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories.

 

12. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. Forensic science describes …..

2. The word "forensic" is derived from …..

3. The larg­est area of forensic science is ……

4. Forensic scientists analyze ……

5. Crime laboratories must …….

 

13. Соедините слова из двух колонок, чтобы получились словосочетания из текста. Составьте с ними свои предложения.

 

a. to serve 1. investigating criminal cases

b. to solve 2. debates

c. to be involved in 3. as expert witnesses

d. to assist in 4. justice

e. to compete in 5. public concerns

f. to analyze 6. crimes

g. to testify 7. criminal activities

h. to be applied to 8. evidence

 

 

14. Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами из рамки.

 

 

(Судебная наука) (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of (наук) to answer questions of interest to (системе права). This may be in relation to (преступлению) or (гражданскому иску). The word forensic comes from the (латынь) forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum." In Roman times, a criminal charge meant presenting (дела) before a group of public individuals in the forum. Both the person accused of the crime and (обвинитель) would give speeches based on their sides of the story. The individual with the best argument and delivery would determine (исход дела). This origin is the source of the two modern usages of the word forensic – as a form of (судебного доказательства) and as a category of (публичного выступления).

 

15. Составьте предложения.

 

1. a vital part of/ form/ the forensic sciences / the entire justice and ­regulatory system.

2. have become identified with / the different ­disciplines/ primarily / law enforcement / some of.

3. are involved in / and the results of their work / either the defense or the prosecution / may serve / forensic scientists / all aspects of criminal cases / and.

4. is / to determine the facts / the ­use of all available information / the forensic scientist's goal.

5. is expanding / in the civil justice arena / the forensic scientist's role.

6. to the protection of ­constitutionally guaranteed individual rights/ range/ from questions of the validity of a signature on a will/ issues.

 

16. Перескажите текст, пользуясь предложенной схемой.

 

This text explains…

Forensic science describes …

Forensic science assists in …

The larg­est area of forensic science is in …

Forensic scientists analyze …

To sum up, there are many types of …

 

 

UNIT 2. WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

 

 

1. Прочитайте и запомните названия наук.

 

Linguistics, Entomology, Geology, Anthropology, Pathology, Psychiatry, Odontology, Psychology, Meteorology, Biology, Toxicology.

 

 

2. Прочитайте слова и словосочетания. Определите, какую науку они описывают.

 

 

Science	Key words
1.	chemicals, poisons, dose, cyanides, substances
2.	insects, flies, butterflies, dragonflies, beatles, spiders
3.	the earth's crust, minerals, magma, rocks
4.	mental illnesses, hallucinations, thought disorders
5.	the sound system, the structure of words, vocabulary, the meaning of words, the structure of sentences
6.	a mouth, defective teeth, gums, repair or removal
7.	phenomena, weather conditions, atmosphere, climate, clouds, thunderstorms
8.	mental processes, behavioral characteristics, emotions, personality
9.	social and cultural development, society and culture, mankind,
10.	living organisms, evolution, cells, genes, heredity, DNA
11.	a disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences, the causes of death

 

 

3. Составьте небольшой рассказ, используя информацию из задания 2.

 

1. Peter Parker is a teacher of ___________.

2. In his childhood he was interested in ______________.

3. He was always good at ____________ at school.

4. So he decided to take his degree in ___________.

5. Since then he has specialized in ____________.

6. He has found that one of the advantages of the job is that it enables him to____________.

 

4. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

 

1. Why does forensic science extend into a broad range of sub-sciences?

2. What science deals with handwriting analysis and printmaking?

3. What science deals with the study and interpretation of language for use as legal evidence?

4. What does criminalistics deal with?

5. What does forensic entomology assist in?

6. What is forensic pathology?

 

 

TEXT

 

WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

 

Forensic science is typically just referred to as "forensics" and is the practical application of numerous sciences to solve legal system-related questions, which can include either a civil or criminal action or suit.

The use of the term "forensics" in place of "forensic science" is actually a globally-accepted misnomer considering that the term "forensic" is effectually a synonym for "legal" or "pertaining to courts", from the root of Latin meaning.

Because it is now so closely scientific field, many dictionaries equate the word "forensics" with "forensic science."

Forensic science extends into a broad range of sub-sciences which utilize natural science techniques to obtain relevant criminal and legal evidence.

 

Forensic Accounting - the acquisition, interpretation and study of accounting - evidence.

Digital Forensics (also known as Computing Forensics) - the retrieval, reconstruction and interpretation of digital media (i.e. images, PDF's, e-mail messages, etc.) stored on a computer, for use as evidence.

Forensic Document Examination - the reconstruction, study and interpretation of physical document-related evidence, such as handwriting analysis and printmaking.

Forensic Economics - the acquisition, study and interpretation of evidence related to economic damage, which includes determination of lost benefits and earnings, business value and profit loss, lost household service value, labor replacement and future medical expense costs, etc.

Forensic Engineering - the reconstruction, study and interpretation of structural or mechanical failure or in devices, buildings, etc.

Forensic Linguistics - the study and interpretation of language for use as legal evidence.

Forensic Origin and Cause - the study, interpretation and identification of a fire for the express purpose of determining the cause of ignition and origin of the fire (i.e. arson cases).

Forensic Photography - the art-science of reconstructing, interpreting and producing an accurate photographic reproduction of a crime scene for a court's benefit.

Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry - the study, evaluation and identification of mentally-related illnesses and human behavior for the purpose of obtaining legal evidence.

Forensic Anthropology is the practice of physical anthropology, as applied to a legal situation- typically the identification and recovery of skeletonized human remains (bones).

Criminalistics is the application of combination of impression evidence (i.e. fingerprints, impressions left by footwear and tire tracks), trace evidence, controlled substances. Criminalistics includes evidence collected from a wide range of sciences to determine the answers of questions relating to the examination and comparison of criminal investigations. This evidence is typically processed in a crime lab.

Forensic Biology includes performing DNA and serological analysis of bodily (physiological) fluids for the purpose of individualization and identification.

Forensic Entomology assists in determining time and location of death, by examining how insects relate to human remains, and can often times determine if the body being examined was moved after death.

Forensic Geology is the application of trace evidence found in soils, minerals and petroleums, as applied to a legal setting.

Forensic Meteorology is an analysis of prior weather conditions, specific to the site being examined.

Forensic Odontology is the study of teeth- specifically, the uniqueness of dentition.

Forensic Pathology combines the disciplines of medicine and pathology, as applied to a legal inquiry, to determine the cause of injury or death.

Forensic Toxicology is the study, evaluation and identification of the effects of poisons, chemicals, or drugs in and on the human body.

 

 

5. Сравните информацию данную в схеме, с информацией, содержащейся в тексте. Впишите в схему недостающую информацию из текста. Расскажите, что Вы узнали о видах судебных экспертиз, используя логико-грамматические лексические единицы.

1. To begin with	Прежде всего
2. In my opinion	По-моему мнению
3. I think it is reasonable to believe that	Я думаю, есть все основания полагать, что
4. On the one hand… on the other hand	С одной стороны … c другой стороны
5. However	Однако
6. Furthermore	Кроме того
7. In addition	К тому же
8. Nevertheless	Тем не менее

 

 

 

 

6. Прочитайте текст. Переведите письменно выделенные жирным шрифтом предложения. Напишите мини-реферат текста.

 

TEXT