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Заполните пропуски прилагательными, которые ассоциируются с качествами предмета или животного.
8. Прочитайте определения типов плагиата, затем просмотрите примеры плагиата. Определите тип плагиата в каждом случае. Обоснуйте свое решение. Copy & Paste Plagiarism: Any time you lift a sentence or significant phrase intact from a source, you must use quotations marks and reference the source.
Word Switch Plagiarism: If you take a sentence from a source and change around a few words, it is still plagiarism. If you want to quote a sentence, then you need to put it in quotation marks and cite the author and article.
Style Plagiarism: When you follow a Source Article sentence-by-sentence or paragraph-by-paragraph, it is plagiarism, even though none of your sentences is exactly like those in the Source Article or even in the same order. What you are copying in this case, is the author's reasoning style.
Metaphor Plagiarism: Metaphors are used either to make an idea clearer or give the reader an analogy that touches the senses or emotions better than a plain description of the object or process. If you cannot come up with your own metaphor to illustrate an important idea, then use the metaphor in the Source Article, but give the author credit for it.
Idea Plagiarism: If the author of the Source Article expresses a creative idea or suggests a solution to a problem, the idea or solution must be clearly attributed to the author.
UNIT 4. SOFTWARE FORENSICS
1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
TEXT SOFTWARE FORENSICS
Computers and networks have played an important role in peoples’ everyday life over the last decade. But while computers have made our lives easier and have improved our standard of living, have also introduced a new venue of criminal activities. Cyber attacks in the form of viruses, trojan horses, logic bombs, fraud, credit card cloning, plagiarism of code have increased in severity and frequency. The creation of a new field with its own methods and tools, called software forensics, has helped to tackle these issues in a proper way and not in an ad hoc manner. The term software forensics implies the use of these tools and methods for some legal or official purpose. Software forensics could be used to examine and analyze software in any form, source or executable code, to identify the author. Although source code (the textual form of a computer program that is written by a computer programmer) is much more formal and restrictive than spoken or written languages, there is still a large degree of flexibility when writing a program. This flexibility includes characteristics that deal with the layout of the program (placement of comments, indentation), characteristics that are more difficult to change automatically by pretty printers and code formatters, and deal with the style of the program (comment lengths, variable names, function names) and features that we hypothesize are dependent on the programming experience (the statistical distribution of lines of code per function, usage of data structures). Research studies on this field have proved that many of these features (layout, style, structure) of computer program can be specific to a programmer. Source code authorship analysis can be divided into 5 sub-fields according to the application area:
1. Author identification. The aim here is to decide whether some piece of code was written by a certain programmer. This type of application area has a lot of similarities with the corresponding literature where the task is to determine that a piece of work has been written by a certain author. 2. Author characterization. This application area determines some characteristics of the programmer of a piece of code, such as cultural educational background and language familiarity, based on their programming style. 3. Plagiarism detection. This method attempts to find similarities among multiple sets of source code files. 4. Author discrimination. This task is the opposite of the above and involves deciding whether some pieces of code were written by a single author or by some number of authors. 5. Author intent determination. In some cases we need to know whether a piece of code was written having this as its goal or was the result of an accidental error. In many cases, an error during the software development process can cause serious problems. It seems that source code authorship analysis is an important area of practice in computer security, computer law, and academia as well as an exciting area of research.
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