Прочитайте предложения. Определите, какие из них являются условными, а какие дополнительными предложениями. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Сформулируйте правило.

1. The jury may draw inferences if a defendant does not give evidence.

2. What happens if a witness breaks his oath and tells lies?

3. He tried to clarify if they had conspired together in a carefully prepared plan to give false evidence.

4. The judge must tell the jury to consider the charges separately if there are two or more charges.

5. The judge asked the witness if he had seen the defendant on the crime scene.

6. The investigator tried to understand if the crime had been committed by a left-handed man.

7. He will now be told in open court if the defendant has committed any crimes before, and if he has, his list of previous convictions will be read out.

8. If a sentence of imprisonment is passed, the convicted person will be escorted to prison.

14. a) Составьте предложения, используя приведенные словосочетания.

1) there are / the truth about juries is that / some very good ones and some bad ones;

2) who play a bigger part in the discussion than others / there will inevitably be some people / some who will understand / some who will tend to believe the police / the legal nuances and the facts better / and others who will be much more defence minded / some who will be more patient than others;

3) there is anything fundamentally unsatisfactory / but there is very little evidence / in the way juries reach their verdicts / anecdotal or otherwise;

4) through the evidence systematically / did not necessarily work / it was found that juries / it was given / in the order;

5) the burden of proof - the presumption of innocence- / they / did not always discuss / which is at the heart of the system;

6) did not always fully understand facts / explained to them / they;

7) according to the law / but in the end / often reached the right result / they usually got the facts right / and they / even if they had imperfectly understood it;

8) to reach a correct conclusion / their collective commonsense / what matters is not so much / should understand every nuance of the law and every factual detail / should in the end use / but that they / that every member of the jury.

 

 

б) Перескажите текст, пользуясь планом.

The text speaks about…

Jurors do not discuss…

Jurors use…

 

Переведите предложения на английский язык. Определите тип условного предложения.

1. Если подсудимый заявляет о своей невиновности или если он вообще ничего не заявляет, то суд переходит к формированию скамьи присяжных.
2. Если бы потребовалось, то обвинение представило бы и другие доказательства или выставило бы других свидетелей, чтобы парировать доводы защиты.
3. Если бы на вчерашнем слушании дела защите не представилось бы ответная попытка оспорить доводы и аргументы обвинения, то можно было бы сказать, что процесс носил инквизиционный, а не состязательный характер.
4. Если подсудимый признается виновным, то определяя наказание, судья может принять во внимание его прежние судимости или положительную характеристику личности осужденного.
5. Если признать, что преступление – это поведение, которое решением законодателя объявляется незаконным, то окажется, что такое определение не позволяет отличить преступление от причинения некоторых видов гражданско-правового вреда.
6. Если бы мы говорили о процессуальных различиях уголовного и гражданского права, то мы должны были бы отметить, что гражданское дело возбуждается судом не иначе как по инициативе частного лица (это может быть и юридическое лицо), обратившееся в суд, а судебное преследование по уголовному делу возбуждается государством от имени общества.
7. Если бы присяжные приняли во внимание напутственные слова судьи, их вердикт был бы другим.
8. Если бы мы считали, что любое преступление одновременно нарушает требование морали, то пришлось бы признать, что любой аморальный поступок является преступлением и должен преследоваться в судебном порядке. Так ли это?

 

 

Дебаты. Группа делится на две подгруппы. Одна комментирует первое утверждение, другая – второе. Затем группа определяет, чьи аргументы более убедительны и вырабатывает общую точку зрения. Пользуйтесь логико-грамматическими лексическими единицами.

 

 

In my opinion…	– По моему мнению
I think it’s reasonable to believe that…	– Я думаю, есть все основания полагать, что…
I’m totally opposed to…	– Категорически не согласен…
On the one hand…	– С одной стороны
On the other hand…	– С другой стороны
However…	– Однако…
Furthermore…	– Кроме того, …
In fact…	– На самом деле…
Nevertheless…	– Тем не менее
Now that we’ve considered it…	– Теперь, когда мы это обсудили…
I got you	– Я Вас понял
I see	– Понимаю
Let’s clear it up	– Давайте внесем ясность в этот вопрос
You got me wrong	– Вы меня неправильно поняли
Keep to the point	– Не отклоняйтесь от темы
In short…	– Короче говоря…
To sum it up…	– Подводя итог сказанному… (В итоге…)

1. Jury trial is a very important symbol of democracy.
2. In recent times there have been strong moves to reduce the rights to trial by jury. That’s right.

 

 

UNIT 4. VERDICT AND SENTENCE

 

 

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод усилительной конструкции.

1. It was Jane who committed a crime.
2. It was here where I met her.
3. It is the jury who must consider the verdict.
4. It is the judge who passes sentence in a case.

 

 

Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Подчеркните предложения, в которых “but” указывает на исключение или ограничение и переводится как «кроме», «за исключением».

1. No one saw him but me.
2. We had no choice but to obey.
3. There was nothing else to do but go.
4. What can we do but sit and wait?
5. This car’s been nothing but trouble.
6. The judge had no choice but to impose punishment.
7. But me no buts.

 

 

Переведите словосочетания и составьте с ними предложения.

to consider a verdict; to announce a verdict to the court; to reach a majority verdict, to follow a verdict, verdict of not guilty; to pass a sentence; to make a record of the sentences; light sentence; sentence of imprisonment.

 

 

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива и инфинитивных конструкций.

1. – Why doesn’t he punish his boys when they disobey him?

– He often threatens to punish them but never actually does so.

2. – Why did you move your car?

– The policeman told me to move it.

3. He appears to have been killed with a blunt instrument.

4. The murderer is said to be hiding in the woods near your house.

5. He is said to have died a natural death.

6. I ask in order to defend my reputation.

7. I admit my accusation to be false.

8. Once the decision to prosecute has been taken, the suspect can be told of it in two ways: by a charge or a summons.

9. The summons is a formal document ordering the defendant to appear in court on a specified day to answer the charge against him.

10. The barrister for the prosecution goes on to summarize the evidence that he will call on behalf of the prosecution.

11. The regulations require me to wear this uniform.

12. They let us examine the documents.

13. The bank robbers made the cashier show them how to open the safe.

 

 

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

TEXT

VERDICT AND SENTENCE

The eighth stage of a criminal trial is verdict. It is the jury who must decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. This decision is called their verdict. When the judge has finished his summing-up, the jury will go to their room, and consider their verdict in private. One of the jury is elected by them to be their foreman or a forewoman. He or she will act as their unofficial chairman and spokesman and will announce the jury’s verdict to the court.

The last (the ninth) phase of the trial is a quite separate one. It is because the sentence of the court is the punishment which the court must decide to impose. It is the judge who passes sentence in a case. The jury plays no part in this.

Deciding what the punishment should be is always one of the most difficult aspects of the judge’s duties. In some cases he may have no choice but to pass a particular sentence, but in most cases he does have discretion.

The judge must take into consideration all the circumstances of the offence itself. He will have heard about this in the course of the trial. In particular, he must consider the effect that the offence has had on the victim of the crime.

The judge is given information about the defendant’s own personal circumstances. If the defendant has not pleaded guilty and there has been a trial, the judge is already likely to know a good deal about him – his age, family, and employment situation. He will now be told in open court if the defendant has committed any crimes before, and if he has, his list of previous convictions will be read out. He is naturally expected to be more lenient towards a defendant of good character who has been a law-abiding citizen that a defendant who has been in troubles many times.

The judge must give the lawyer representing the defendant the chance to plead for leniency (a light sentence).

If a sentence of imprisonment is passed, the Dock Officer, whose job is to guard a defendant in court, makes a record of the sentences and escorts him to prison at the end of the day.