The Adverbial Complement of Manner/Обставина способу дії

The complement in the contrasted languages is of common lexical and syntactic meaning. It characterises the action of the verb by indicat­ing the way in which it is performed and the means it is performed by (how? in what way? by what means?). The expression of the manner of action in English and Ukrainian may be performed by lexical and lexico-syntactic means. Isomorphic is the expression of this complement by the following means:

1. By qualitative adverbs or adverbs of manner/ adverbial phrases:

 

William's pen began to write badly. (R. Sisson)	Вільямове (Шекспірове) перо стало погано писати.
We spent much time together. (Hemingway)	Ми проводили багато часу разом/ вкупі.
And so shall all proper Dogs do after me. (Kipling)	І так робитимуть усі справжні Собаки після мене.
The wiry red-faced woman... sat holding her tape recorder modestly on her lap. (Spark)	Гінка червонощока жінка... сиділа, тримаючи магнітофон на колінах.
He came in griping about how cold it was out. (Salinger)	Він зайшов, щулячись і видаючи зовні, як холодно надворі.
I brought the boat along the bank dipping my blades noiselessly. (Cronin)	Я плив човном вздовж берега, нечутно веслуючи лопатями.
Now I can go to bed without dreaming tomorrow. (B. Shaw)	Тепер я можу йти спати і не куняти взавтра.
...it is a shame for people to spend so much money this way. (Dreiser)	... і не соромляться люди розтринькувати отак стільки грошей.

2. Equally possible in Ukrainian is also the expression of attendant circumstances by infinitival phrases. Cf. I woke up in the morning to find myself famous. (Byron). Я прокинувся вранці, щоб дізнатися, що я став славетним. Or: Я прокинувся вранці і дізнався, що я став славнозвісною людиною.

3. By prepositional nouns or other nominal parts of speech that have indirect case forms for their equivalents in Ukrainian (which are not available in present-day English):

She looked with interest at the girl Вона з цікавістю подивилася/глянула

on the platform. (Christie) на дівчину, що стояла на платформі.

...I am the Cat who walks by himself. Ліс гомонить... на тисячу надів, на

(Kipling) тисячу голосів.

4. By an infinitive preceded by a conjunction:

She moved her hand as if to stop him. Вона ворухнула рукою немов аби/ (Cusack) щоб зупинити його.

Sometimes there may be two complements of manner or attendant circumstances in a sentence, one or both of them being optional, not obligatory:

He stood there, reading it, and sort Він стояв собі там, читаючи, з якимсь

of stroking his bare chest and недоумкуватим виразом обличчя, і

stomach, with this very stupid водив рукою, ніби чухаючи голі груди

expression on his face. (Salinger) й живіт.

Allomorphism is observed in the expression of English complements of manner with the help of the gerund and the nominative absolute participle construction, having semantic and partly functional equivalents in Ukrainian diyepryslivnyks and indirect case forms of nominal parts of speech. Cf. You learn a language best by hearing it spoken. (Carnegie) Найкраще вивчати іноземну мову, чуючи її в живому мовленні. Не was wearing a raincoat, the collar half-turned up. (Snow) Він був у дощовому плащі з піднятим коміром. Besides it was Mr. Curry,

straw hat tipped a little to one side, cane beneath his arm... (L.P. Hartley) Поруч був пан Каррі в брилі ледь набакир та ціпком під рукою... The corresponding meanings of manner may often be expressed in Ukrainian with the help of adverbs, adverbial phrases and nouns in indirect case forms. А тепер парами, все по парі, все по парі. Свирид на превелику силу витяг з води Луку. (Коцюбинський) Співають, ідучи, дівчата. (Шевченко).

The Adverbial Complement of Cause (Reason)
Обставина причини

The means of expressing the adverbial complement of cause/ reason, despite its common nature in English and Ukrainian, can be both isomor­phic and allomorphic.

1. Isomorphic is the expression of the complement by nominals preceded­ by the conjunctive prepositions because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, which have their semantic and раrtly struc­tural equivalents in Ukrainian (через, через те що, внаслідок, завдяки, дякуючи, в результаті):

 

Because of his bad leg, he couldn't walk so fast... (Hornby)	Він не міг так швидко йти через хвору ногу. хвору ногу.
Rip felt famished for want of hisbreakfast. (W. Irving)	Від згадки про сніданок Ріпові дуже захотілося їсти.

 

2. Some prepositions in English and Ukrainian aquire causal meaning before nouns denoting psychological or physical state. (These preposi­tions are for, from, out of, with — від, з/зі, через), eg:

 

He could hardly speak for fear. (H.G. Wells)	Від страху він не міг слова промовити/ сказати.
They would be there out of curiosity. (G. Greene)	Вони прийдуть туди просо із цікавості.

 

3. Partly common is the expression of this part of the sentence, i.e.

complement also by means of participial constructions corresponding to Ukrainian diyepryslivnyk constructions:

The men were weary, having run Вибігавши за худобою весь день, behind the beasts all day. (Back) чоловіки натомилися.

4. Allomorphism in the expression of this part of the sentence in English is restricted to a) nominative absolute participial constructions and b) to the gerund (gerundial complexes), eg: He was in jail for having killed a person in a fight. (Abrahams)...I have great fear of the knife for my poor boy, his mother died under it due to negligence. (G. Greene).

Pertaining only to Ukrainian is the expression of the adverbial meaning of cause by nouns in indirect case forms and by diyepryslivnyks or adverbs of cause/result: Очі від утоми закрилися. (Панас Мирний) Од хвилювання Тетяна не могла спокійно говорити. (Васильченко) З радощів він мало не збожеволів. (Коцюбинський) Натомившись, спить дочка його рідна, єдина. (Нехода) ...Зозла у голову дубові стрілами навхрест ударив. (Вирган) Спересердя він кинув наполовину недокурену сигарету на підлогу. (Загребельний)