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Text С . The Corpuscular Elements of Blood
Содержание книги
- The long pens are on the table. Длинные ручки на столе.
- Our classes usually begin at 8.30 a.m. In addition to several practical classes we have a lecture or two every day.
- They are not carrying out они не проводят опыт сейчас .
- Are the doctors fighting for the life of this patient? 2. Who is fighting for the life of this patient? 3. What are the doctors doing? 4. What are the doctors fighting for?
- We are first-year students. We- perform operations (cannot, may).
- Leave, last, tooth, teeth, circle, yellow, chair, appear, prepare, pure, while, whole, early, become, want, chest, short.
- Нам дают книги. 2. Мне часто задают много вопросов.
- The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.
- To call, brain, eyeball, nose, cavity, to compose, to consist of, joint, on each side, trunk, neck, breastbone, to separate.
- The student is asked many questions at the lesson. The student asked many questions at the lesson.
- This book will be read with great interest by all of us. 2. The thoracic cavity was examined by X-rays. 3. Artificial joints were used by the surgeon.
- Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion ( движение ) and contraction.
- IV. 1. Прочтите текст G. 2. О чем говорится в каждом абзаце?
- My friend is greatly excited because his son has the disease of the coxofemoral joints. The boy cannot walk and must be in bed.
- Road, moan, soap, load, foam, soak, throat.
- The muscular structure of the heart consists of two parts - the muscular layers of the atria and the muscular layers of the ventricles.
- The aorta- from the upper part of the left ventricle. 2. The shape of the vessels- when they dilate. 3. The right lung is- than the left one. 4. The lungs are- with the pleura.
- Эта экспериментальная работа будет проведена на будущей неделе. 2. Эти данные применяются на практике. 3. Меня будут обследовать несколько врачей. 4. В пятницу нам читали лекцию поанатомии.
- Text E. The Alimentary Tract
- В Москве издается много медицинских журналов. (many, published, journals, Moscow, are, in, medical)
- The blood (to carry) to the liver passes through the portal vein.
- XVI. Read and translate Text H.
- At the rate of, per minute (day), to depend on (upon), on physical exertion, to discharge from the hospital, to discharge out bile, to pump blood through arteries, to be followed by.
- The rate of heart contractions is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers. It varies in different persons and at different age.
- В норме сердце бьется со скоростью 60-70 ударов в минуту.
- Text С . The Corpuscular Elements of Blood
- XVIII. Read Text D and say what data important for a future doctor are given in it. What will you try to remember?
- It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue.
- На заседании кафедры он доложил о результатах своих опытов.
- W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.
- The methods of investigation the scientist had included in his research helped him to determine the origin of the pulmonary disease. 4. The faculty my brother is in trains pediatricians.
- M. Sechenov investigated blood gases in 1858. И. М. Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.
- The new methods of research had been included into my work. 2. The course of treatment has been prolonged. 3. The structure of the pancreas will have been described in the new book.
- Не may examine the patient. 2. He may be examining the patient now.
- Для этой цели; 2) полный покой; 3) распространяется по коре головного мозга; 4) имеет большое защитное значение для; 5) глубокий спокойный сон; 6) жизнедеятельность.
- Different actions which are repeated every day before going to bed also act as stimuli which produce the process of inhibition.
- XI. Переведите текст E. Расскажите о кровеносных сосудах и дайте обоснование их роли в организме человека.
- Грамматика: заменители модальных глаголов. Способы выражения долженствования. Производные местоимения: some, any, no, every. Случаи употребления глаголов to be, to have.
- One can impair the health if one does not sleep for along period of time.
- Чем могут быть заменены модальные глаголы can, may, must?
- Everyone knows that phagocytes destroy microorganisms.
- The environment must be provided with the proper amount of oxygen for the growth of aerobic microorganisms.
- To give in, to give up, to give away; 2) to get up, to get down, to get in, to get off.
- If it is necessary a nurse will come to the patient’s house to give him the administered injections or carry out any of the doctor’s administrations.
- What is the time now? 2. My father visited Moscow many times. 3. We have classes in Physiology three times a week. 4. What time do you have lectures in Microbiology?
- The doctor administered the patient two tablets of tetracyclin to be taken orally and a cough mixture to be taken three times a day.
- IX. 1. Read Text D. 2. Try to understand the meaning of the words in bold type from the context. 3. Retell the text.
- The nurse was applying cups when the ward doctor entered the ward.
- The surgeon asked the patient if he had been operated on the year before 2. If you have a sore throat, you must gargle it several times a day.
- Reading books is useful. 1. The reading of books is useful.
Blood is a fluid tissue with many various functions. Not only important physiological process takes place in the blood but it determines the activity of widely separated body cells.
Blood is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements which are called red corpuscles or erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leucocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes.
It is generally considered that no sex differences exist in the count of white corpuscles or leucocytes. The count of leucocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4,500 to 9,500 per cu mm (cubic millimetre). When the number of white blood cells (WBC) is counted after mental or physical exertion, meals and mild activity, it may increase to 10,000 and more per cu mm.
It is estimated that the erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements, ranging from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 per cu mm. The red blood cell count (RBC) may change with age; when the red blood cell count is done after physical exertion and emotions, it may increase.
One knows that red corpuscles have two physical features which are very important in the function of respiration. They have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them the possibility to pass through very small capillaries. The discoid form of the corpuscle gives it a maximal surface for a given mass.
The most important part of the red cell is its red colouring substance or hemoglobin which on an average forms about 36% of its mass.
The total blood volume is divided into circulating and reservoir volumes.
The average human blood volume is not less than 7.5% but not more than 10% of the body weight. It is generally stated that the circulating volume averages smaller in the females than in the males. The circulating volume of the blood depends on the changes of the air temperature.
IX*. Закончите предложения, выбрав необходимые словосочетания:
1. The most numerous cellular elements of blood are- (a) white blood corpuscles, (б) red blood corpuscles, (в) blood platelets. 2. Blood is- (a) a connective tissue, (б) a muscular tissue, (в) a fluid tissue, (г) a nervous tissue.
3. The right ventricle discharges out the blood to the lungs- (a) through the aorta, (б) through the pulmonary arteries, (в) through the portal vein. 4. The blood is discharged out- (a) of the ventricles, (б) of the atria.
X. Повторите тексты А, С. Прочтите следующие предложения и скажите, о чем в них говорится:
This part of the heart discharges out the blood received from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation. 2. This part of the heart discharges out the blood received from the systemic circulation to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. 3. These corpuscles have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them the possibility to pass through very small capillaries. 4. The count of these corpuscles in the blood of a healthy person is from 5,000 to 7,000 per cu mm. The number of these corpuscles increases when a person becomes ill.
XI. Прочтите и запомните интересные факты:
Do you know that...
Each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days? 2) each leucocytes lives 4-7 days? 3) every day 200,000,000 erythrocytes are born and the same number dies?
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XII. Translate the following indefinite personal sentences:
It is known that blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that patient Smirnov’s health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical exertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight considerably decreased during the prolonged illness.
Х III. Answer the following questions:
How many days does each erythrocyte live? 2. How many days does each leucocyte live? 3. How many erythrocytes are born and die every day?
XIV. Read and translate the following sentences:
When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes shorter and the other longer. 2. The pressure in the cranial cavity is sometimes increased as a result of the increase in arterial pressure. 3. In the man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per cent of the blood volume. 4. Can life exist without oxygen? 5. A cardiac cycle is composed of the wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6. In the human body sex differences exist in the inner organs and their functions.
XV. Read the passages and answer the questions:
1. This substance is composed of plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets. What substance is it?
2. These cellular elements are the most numerous in the blood. They range from 4 to 5 million per cu mm in healthy adults. Their colour(ing) is red. What cellular elements are they?
3. This blood is brought to the heart from systemic and portal circulations. It enters the right atrium of the heart. Then this blood passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle this blood passes into the pulmonary artery. What blood is it?
XVI. Revise Text В (lesson 13) and say what heart valve is described in each sentence:
This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the left heart chamber. 2. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the right heart chamber. 3. This valve is located at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle. 4. This valve is located at the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle.
XVII. Combine the nouns with appropriate verbs, putting them in the necessary form:
a) the heart, the blood, the artery;
b) contract, pass, dilate, bring, pump, vary, beat, compose, work, consist of, discharge out, receive, enter, act, serve, send, oxygenate, carry.
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