Exercise 18. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to explain the term “tissue”.

1. The study of tissue is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology.

2. There are four fundamental tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.

3. A tissue is an aggregation of cells that are similar in form and function and the intercellular substances and structures produced by cellular activity.

4. Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.

5. Tissues have a wide range of functions, for example protecting our body from moisture loss, bacteria, internal injury and providing structure and support to the body.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: скупчення схожих клітин вистилаючий епітелій базальна пластинка (шар) вистилати стінки кровоносних судин неоформлена (крихка, рихла) сполучна тканина м’язи, що довільно та мимовільно скорочуються вивчати патологічну гістологію тканина гладких м’яз залозистий епітелій поперечно-смугасті м’язові тканини   II. Дайте відповідь на питання: What kinds of tissues group together and form the organs? What does the epithelial tissue provide? What are the main functions of covering and lining epithelium? What are the main three kinds of muscle tissues? What does histopathology study?   III. Розкрийте поняття: тканина гістологія

 

 

 

Microbiology

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

alga, n pl algae	['ælgə] pl ['ælʤɪ:]	морська водорість
benefit, v	[ˊbenɪfɪt]	приносити користь
cause, n	['kɔ: z]	причина
channel, v	['tʃænəl]	направляти
encompass, v	[en'kʌmpəs]	містити в собі
fungus, n pl fungi	[fʌnɡəs] ['fʌnʤaɪ (-ɡaɪ, -ʤɪ]	гриб
harmful, adj	['hɑ:mfʊl]	шкідливий, згубний
heredity, n	[hɪ' redɪtɪ]	спадковість
mold, n	['məʊld]	пліснява
protozoans, n	[prəutə'zəuns]	найпростіші
yeast, n	[ji:st]	дріжджі

Exercise 2. Pronounce correctly:

Louis Pasteur ['lu:is pæs 'tə:]; Robert Koch ['rɔbət kəuk]; microbiology ['maikrəubai 'ɔləʤi]; mycology [mai 'kɔləʤɪ]; virology [vaiə'rɔləʤɪ]; parasitology [pærəsai 'tɔləʤɪ]; bacteriology [bæktiəri 'ɔləʤɪ]; discipline ['dɪsɪplɪn]; biosynthesis [baiəu 'sɪnθesis]; colony ['kɒlənɪ]; penicillin [ˌpenɪˊsɪlɪn]; antibiotics [æntɪbaɪ 'ɒtɪks]; stereoscope ['sterɪəskəup]

 

Exercise 3. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading:

[ əs] – infecti ous, danger ous, numer ous, previ ous, fibr ous, nerv ous, ven ous, vari ous

[ ɑ: ] – d a nce, pl a nt, gr a nt, adv a ntage, br a nch, adv a nce

[ ə] – c o ntain, c o nsists, c o mprise, c o ncern, c o ntrol, c o rrect, c o mplete

Exercise 4. Study the elements of medical terminology. Read and translate the following words and give more examples of your own:

a – (negative – ні, без) – acellular, abactertial, abiotic, avalvular, avascular, avirulent, atoxic

multi – (багато) – multicellular, multicapsular, multichamber, multivitamins, multipurpose

uni – (one – один) - unicellular, unicameral, unilateral, uninuclear, uniocular, unigravida

 

Exercise 5. Make Adverbs from Adjectives. Translate them into Ukrainian:

Model: slow – slowly (повільний – повільно)

Slow, vigorous, quick, numerous, rapid, nervous, general, subcutaneous, intramuscular, common, sharp, intravenous

 

Exercise 6. Give the Plural of the following Nouns:

Example: analysis – analyses, force – forces

Diagnosis, process, force, fungus, disease, abscess, science, medicine, prognosis, course, neurosis, tissue, toe, discipline, branch, medicine, advance, cause, thesis, stereoscope, virus.

 

Exercise 7. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language:

Microscopic organisms; scientific study; controlling activities; numerous sub-disciplines; disease-causing microorganisms; harmful effects; channeling the activities; to benefit medicine; produce antibiotics; the branches of microbiology; pure and applied sciences; advances made in physics; the practical usefulness; the improvement of health; treatment options; outbreaks of disease; species and their properties; to examine under a stereoscope; to avoid infection; to gain weight; to survive the operation well; to encompass many disciplines

 

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text:

Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, either unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells) including protozoans, yeasts, algae, molds, microscopic fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Microbiology is concerned with the structure, function, and classification of these organisms and with ways of controlling and using their activities.

Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, mycology, parasito-logy, and bacteriology. Its foundations were established in the later 19th century, with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Since then, the scientists have identified many disease-causing microorganisms and have developed means of controlling their harmful effects. In addition, they have discovered means of channeling the activities of various microorganisms to benefit medicine, industry, and agriculture. Molds, for example, produce antibiotics, notably penicillin.

Modern microbiology. The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Both general microbiology and its specialized branches are developing extremely vigorously. There are three fundamental reasons for such development. First, microbiology has had the advantage of a large number of new methods of research, through advances made in physics, chemistry, and engineering. Second, the practical usefulness of microorganisms has increased sharply since the 1940’s. Third, microorganisms are being used to solve some of the most important theoretical problems of biology, such as heredity and variability, the biosynthesis of organic compounds, and metabolic regulation.

Medical microbiology related to applied sciences is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. There are four kinds of microorganisms that can cause infectious disease; bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health as well.

A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. Using this information a treatment can be devised. Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for physicians, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options. They may also assist in preventing or controlling epidemics and outbreaks of disease. Not all medical microbiologists study microbial pathology; some study common, non-pathogenic species to determine whether their properties can be used to develop antibiotics or other treatment methods.

 

Exercise 9. Answer the questions:

1. What science studies the microscopic organisms?

2. What is microbiology concerned with?

3. What sub-disciplines does microbiology encompass?

4. Who are considered to be the founders of microbiology?

5. What branches can modern microbiology be classified into?

6. What is medical microbiology concerned with?

7. What does a medical microbiologist study?

8. What do medical microbiologists provide?

Exercise 10. Match the terms with their explanations:

1. stereoscope 2. microbiology 3. virology 4. pharmaceutical microbiology 5. mycology 6. parasitology 7. bacteriology 8. biosynthesis

a) the branch of medicine concerned with the study of viruses and the diseases they cause; the formation of complex compounds from simple substances by living organisms; b) an optical instrument for viewing two-dimensional pictures; c) the branch of biology involving the study of microorganisms; d) the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi; e) the branch of biology that is concerned with the study of parasites; f) the branch of science concerned with the study of bacteria; g) the study of microorganisms related to the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines and other pharmaceutical products.

Exercise 11. Find corresponding equivalents:

Багатоклітинні мікроорганізми; мікроскопічні гриби; класифікація організмів; містити в собі: ті, що викликають хворобу; шкідлива дія; напрямки діяльності різноманітних мікроорганізмів; в інтересах медицини; галузь медицини; теоретична та прикладна наука; спадковість і мінливість; біосинтез органічних сполук; поліпшення здоров'я; шляхи передачі інфекції; спалах захворювань; звичайні, непатогенні види та їх властивості

Exercise 12. Fill in the gaps with prepositions from the box below:

Microbiological culture is the primary method used ____ isolating infectious disease ____ study _______the laboratory. Tissue or fluid samples are tested ____ the presence ___ a specific pathogen, which is determined _______ growth in a selective or differential medium.

The 3 main types ____ media used ____ testing are:

· A solid surface is created using a mixture of nutrients, salts and agar. A single microbe on an agar plate can then grow into colonies (clones where cells are identical to each other) containing thousands ________ cells. These are primarily used bacteria and fungi.

· Cells are grown inside a liquid media. Microbial growth is determined by the time taken for the liquid to form a colloidal suspension. This technique is used _________ diagnosing parasites and detecting mycobacteria.

· Human or animal cell cultures are infected with the microbe of interest. These cultures are then observed to determine the effect this new microbe has _______ the cell. This technique is used for identifying viruses.

in, by, of, for; on

*Find the answers to the following questions:

a) In what cases is the microbiological culture used?

b) What materials are usually tested?

c) What types of media are used for testing?

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences:

Microscopy

The previously mentioned ….. will often rely on microscopic examination for identification of the microbe. Instruments such as … can be used to view the specimen under ordinary illumination to assess critical aspects of the organism. This can be performed immediately after the sample is taken from the patient and is used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, allowing for resolution of cellular features. …. are also used for observing microbes in greater detail.

electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes; culture techniques; compound light microscopes

*Using your knowledge of Physics, argue your answer to the following question: What microscope is more precise: electron or light?

 

Exercise 14. Make the sentences interrogative and negative paying attention to Modal Verbs. Translate them:

1. A medical microbiologist can prove his investigation.

2. The scientists could identify many disease-causing microorganisms.

3. The branches of microbiology may be classified into pure and applied sciences.

4. Medical microbiologists must serve as consultants for physicians, suggesting treatment options.

5. Only definite microorganisms might cause infectious disease.

6. A microbiologist may also assist in preventing or controlling epidemics and outbreaks of disease.

7. There are four kinds of microorganisms that can cause infectious disease; bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.

8. Fleming could interest biologists and mould experts in production of penicillin.

Exercise 15. Read and translate the sentences. Put the predicates into the Past:

1. A single microbe on an agar plate can grow into colonies.

2. Fluid samples may be tested for the presence of a specific pathogen.

3. Microbial growth must be determined by the time taken for the liquid to form a colloidal suspension.

4. Certain technique may be used for diagnosing parasites and detecting mycobacteria.

5. Instruments such as compound light microscopes can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism.

6. Diagnosis of infectious disease may be nearly always initiated by consulting the patient's medical history and conducting a physical examination.

7. More detailed identification techniques can involve microbial culture, microscopy, biochemical tests and genotyping.

8. * Other less common techniques must be used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent.

 

Exercise 16. a). Translate the text using a dictionary:

b). Open the brackets. c). Put questions to the underlined words.

History of Medical Microbiology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Антони ван Левенгук) is considered to be the one of the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope. In 1676, he (to observe) bacteria and other microorganisms, using a single-lens microscope of his own design.

In 1796, using an ancient Chinese technique for smallpox vaccination, Edward Jenner (to develop) a method using cowpox а to successfully immunize a child against smallpox. The same principles (to use) for developing vaccines today.

Following on from this, in 1857 Louis Pasteur also (to design) vaccines against several diseases as well as pasteurization for food preservation.

Joseph Lister is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery. By sterilizing the instruments with diluted carbolic acid and using it to clean wounds, post-operative infections (to reduce) making surgery safer for patients.

In the years between 1876-1884 Robert Koch provided much insight into infectious disease. He (to be) one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture. This (to give) rise to germ theory, a certain microorganism being responsible for a certain disease. He (to develop) a series of criteria around this that have become known as the Koch's postulates.

In 1884 Hans Christian Gram developed the method of staining bacteria, to make them more visible and differentiable under a microscope. This technique (to use) widely today.

In 1929 Alexander Fleming developed the most commonly used antibiotic substance both at the time and now: penicillin.

Exercise 17. *Translate into English using Modal verbs or their equivalents:

1. Медична мікробіологія повинна вивчати біологічні властивості мікроорганізмів, їх систематику, екологію, взаємовідносини з іншими організмами, в першу чергу — патогенез (механізм розвитку) захворювань, що можуть спричинятися мікроорганізмами.

2. Медична мікробіологія повинна розробляти методи мікробіологічної діагностики, специфічної профілактики та етіотропної терапії (тобто спрямованої на причину захворювання, мікроорганізм-збудник).

3. Власне, медична мікробіологія — це пропедевтика інфекційних захворювань та епідеміології.

4. На кафедрі мікробіології, вірусології та імунології можна одержати повні дані з етіології та початкові — з питань патогенезу, клініки, діагностики, лікування і профілактики інфекційних захворювань.

5. Медична мікробіологія — самостійна медична наука, а лікар-мікробіолог — самостійна лікарська професія.

6. Основне завдання лікаря-мікробіолога — визначення мікробіологічного діагнозу.

7. Практична робота лікаря-мікробіолога повинна бути пов’язана з лабораторною діагностикою.

8. Тільки злагоджена робота лікаря-клініциста і лікаря-мікробіолога зможе дати можливість ефективно діагностувати і лікувати багато захворювань.

Exercise 18. Give as much information as you can using a plan:

1. Microbiology

2. Modern microbiology

3. A medical microbiologist

4. History of Medical Microbiology

Exercise 19. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following terms: мікробіолог, мікробіологія:

“Мікробіолог”

1. He studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth.

2. Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for physicians, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options.

3. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch are considered to be the founders of medical microbiology.

4. A medical microbiologist is an expert in such field of medicine as Microbiology, the branch of biology concerned with the study of microorganisms.

5. They may also assist in preventing or controlling epidemics and outbreaks of disease.

“Мікробіологія”

1. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch are considered to be the founders of medical microbiology.

2. Microbiology is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, including protozoans, yeasts, algae, molds, microscopic fungi, bacteria, and viruses.

3. It is concerned with the structure, function, and classification of these organisms and with ways of controlling and using their activities.

4. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines such as virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology.

5. Medical microbiology related to applied sciences is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: багатоклітинні мікроскопічні організми мікроорганізми, що викликають хворобу шляхи передачі інфекції непатогенні види та їх властивості шкідливий вплив виробляти пеніцилін спадковість та мінливість галузь медицини покращення здоров’я спалах епідемії   II. Дайте відповідь на питання: What organisms does microbiology study? What is microbiology concerned with? What sub-disciplines does microbiology encompass? What branches can modern microbiology be classified into? What kind of microbiology is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases?   III. Розкрийте поняття: Мікробіологія Мікробіолог

 

Microorganisms

 

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

acquire, v	[ə 'kwaiə]	набувати, здобувати
allow, v	[ə' lau]	дозволяти
attach, v	[ə'tætʃ]	прикріпляти
avoid, v	[ə'vɔɪd]	уникати
chemicals, n	[kemikəls]	хімічні речовини
curved, adj	[kə:vd]	вигнутий
cytoskeleton, n	[saitəu 'skelitən]	цитоскелет
gain, v	['ɡein]	набрати (вагу)
modify, v	['modifai]	видозмінювати
mucous, adj	['mjukəs]	слизовий
multiply, v	['mʌltiplai]	збільшувати(ся)
nutrient, adj	['nju:trɪənt]	поживний
occur, v	[ə 'kə:]	траплятися
rod- shaped, adj	['rɔdʃeipt]	паличкоподібний
species, n	['spiʃiz]	біологічний вид
survive, v	[sə 'vaiv]	вціліти
tetanus, n	['tetənəs]	правець (стовбняк)

Exercise 2. Pay attention to the Singular and Plural forms of the Nouns and try to remember:

Singular	Plural
species – ['spi:ʃɪz] bacterium – [ bæk 'tɪərɪəm] coccus – ['kɒkəs] bacillus – [ bə 'sɪləs] spirillum – [spaɪ ' rɪləm] vibrio – ['v(a)ibriəʋ] flora – ['fl ɔ: r ə] viscus – ['viskəs] atrium – ['eitiəm]	species – ['spi:ʃɪz] bacteria – [bæk ˊ tɪərɪə] cocci – [ˊkɔksaɪ] bacilli – [beˊsɪlaɪ] spirilla – [spaɪˊ rɪlə] vibrios – ['vaibriəus] florae (s) – ['fl ɔ: ri:] viscera – ['visərə] atria – ['eitriə]

 

Exercise 3. Give the Plural of the following Nouns:

Microflora, index, library, foot, bacterium, species, mouse, tooth, nucleus, ray, atrium, policeman streptococcus, viscus, child, datum, formula, mycobacterium, tooth, fungus, phenomenon, basis, leaf, fish, series, coccus, vibrio, vertebra, life, box, mouth, ganglion, speech, family.

Exercise 4. Make adjectives from the nouns and translate them into Ukrainian. Make the word-combinations of your own:

e.g. - atmosphere – atmospheric (атмосфера – атмосферний)

Mucosa, biology, infection, bacterium, patient, cell, parasite, pathogen, tuberculosis, membrane, environment, genetics, therapy, nutrient, parasite, sphere, microscope.

Exercise 5. Translate the word-combinations and use them into the sentences of your own:

Unfavorable reactions; atmospheric free oxygen; life and growth of microorganisms; slightly curved in shape; the wide variety of shape; to acquire nutrients; the conditions of the environment; the process of bacteria division; to divide extremely rapidly; persistent pains; to increase in size up to a certain limit; to cause skin infections; the major cause of human death; to impair the health; to secrete chemicals; a mucous membrane; a branch of microbiology; to occur in medicine

 

Exercise 6: Read and translate the text:

Microorganisms

A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism which may be a single cell or multicellular organism. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with Anton van Leewenhoek’s discovery of microorganisms in 1675, using a miscroscope of his own design.

All the existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups – aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic microorganisms must have atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth. However one knows that free oxygen is not favourable for the development of anaerobic microorganisms.

Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci or rod -shaped, called bacilli. Some rod-shaped bacteria, called vibrios, are slightly curved or comma-shaped; others, called spirilla, can be spiral-shaped.

This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and it is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids etc.

When bacteria multiply they divide. The growing organism increases in size up to a certain limit and in due time divides. The process of division depends on the conditions of the environment. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial population can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes.

If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and diseases and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, cholera and tuberculosis. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, and meningitis.

Other bacteria are the essential part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or mucous membrane without causing any disease at all. In fact they help to protect us from becoming infected with harmful microbes.

Bacteria frequently secrete chemicals into their environment in order to modify it favourably. The secretions are often proteins and may act as enzymes that digest some forms of food. The understanding of bacterial metabolism and genetics allow the use of biotechnology for the production of therapeutic proteins, such as insulin.

The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

 

Exercise 7. Find corresponding equivalents:

1. галузь медицини 2. невід'ємна частина 3. виділити хімічні речовини 4. атмосферний вільний кисень 5. життя та ріст мікроогранізмів 6. причина смерті людини 7. процес поділу клітин 8. погіршувати здоров’я 9. паличкоподібні бактерії 10. викликати інфекцію 11. умови навколишнього середовища 12. збільшувати(ся) у розмірі до певної межі

1. atmospheric free oxygen 2.process of bacterial division 3. the conditions of the environment 4. rod –shaped bacteria 5. to cause skin infection 6. life and growth of microorganisms 7. to increase in size up to a certain limit 8. the major cause of human death 9. to impair the health 10. a branch of medicine 11. in order to secrete chemicals 12. the essential part

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What is a microorganism?

2. Who was the one of the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope?

3. What conditions are favourable for aerobic microorganisms?

4. What shape do cocci have?

5. What bacteria are called bacilli?

6. When do bacteria grow and multiply extremely rapidly?

7. How do pathogens influence the human body?

8. What diseases can be caused by bacteria?

9. How can people use bacteria?

10. What science studies bacteria?

Exercise 9. Match the terms with their explanations:

1. bacteria   2. microorganism   3. cell   4. cytoskeleton   5. pathogen   6. anaerobic   7. aerobic   8. microscope

a) is any organism, such as a bacterium, protozoan, or virus, of microscopic size; b) requiring the absence of or not dependent on the presence of oxygen; c) is a microorganism such as a bacterium that parasitizes an animal, plant or man and produces a disease; d) is a the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. It consists of a nucleus, containing the genetic material, surrounded by the cytoplasm in which are mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and other organelles; e) depending on oxygen; f) is an optical instrument that uses a lens or combination of lenses to produce a magnified image of a small, close object; g) a network of fibrous proteins that governs the shape and movement of a biological cell; h) a very large group of microorganisms all of which lack a distinct nuclear membrane and have a cell wall of unique composition.

Exercise 10. Choose the Noun from list B to modify the Verb from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language and make the sentences of your own:

List A	List B
1. therapeutic 2. mucous 3. atmospheric 4. typhoid 5. microscopic 6. rod-shaped 7. parasitic 8. anaerobic 9. bacterial 10. human	1. organism 2. oxygen 3. microorganisms 4. bacteria 5. flora 6. association 7. fever 8. membrane 9. metabolism 10. proteins

 

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences:

1. A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism, which may be…

2. … must have atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth.

3. One knows that oxygen is unfavourable for ….

4. Rod-shaped bacteria are called ….

5. When bacterium multiplies it…

6. Under optimal conditions bacterial population can double as quickly as …

7. Pathogens are the microorganisms that can cause infections such as ….

8. Bacteria are used in medicine for ….

Exercise 12. Find corresponding equivalents:

Вільний кисень; сприятливий для розвитку; види бактерій; паличкоподібні бактерії; вигнуті або у формі коми; спіралеподібна бактерія; поживні речовини; прикріпити до поверхні; впливати на здатність бактерій; розмножуватися та ділитися; збільшуватися у розмірі; процес поділу; подвоюватися кожні 2 хвилини; умови навколишнього середовища; слизова оболонка; галузь мікробіології; причина смерті людини.

Exercise 13. *Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the box:

On 17 March 2013, _____ reported data that suggested microbial life

On 17 March 2013, _____ reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench. the _____ spot in the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that _____ thrive inside rocks up to 1900feet (580 meters) below _____ under 8500 feet (2590 m) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. _____ to one researcher,"You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to _____, and survive wherever they are."

According; microbes; conditions; deepest; the sea floor; researchers

Exercise 14. *Fill in prepositions from the box below where necessary:

Microorganisms live … every part … the biosphere including soil, hot springs, …. the ocean floor, high … the atmosphere and deep inside rocks …. the Earth's crust. Microorganisms are crucial … nutrient recycling … ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part … the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies indicate that airborne microbes may play a role … precipitation and weather.

Microbes are also exploited …. people … biotechnology, both … traditional food and beverage preparation, and … modern technologies based … genetic engineering. However there are many pathogenic microbes which are harmful and can even cause death … plants and animals.

within; of; to; by; on

Exercise 15. Make the sentences interrogative and negative and translate them:

Pay attention! We have to examine. We do not have to examine.

The doctor had to treat. Did the doctor have to treat?

1. Microorganisms can be divided into two groups.

2. Aerobic microorganisms had to have atmospheric free oxygen.

3. Bacterial population may double every 9.8 minutes.

4. The growing organism was allowed to increases in size.

5. The process of division is to depend on the environment.

6. Pathogenic bacteria will be able to cause the human death

7. The scientist could observe a rapid growth of microorganisms under the microscope.

8. The doctor has to determine the origin of the disease as soon as possible.

 

Exercise 16. Put the predicates into the Past and Future using equivalents of the Modal verbs. Translate the sentences:

1. Bacteria can be seen under the electron microscope.

2. Cetax may be indicated for the treatment of patient with genitourinary infections caused by microorganisms.

3. An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.

4. Bacterial infections must be treated with antibiotics.

5. The patient can gain his body weight in some months.

6. The patient must avoid stress and physical exertion.

7. Chlamidia may be involved in coronary heart disease.

8. Bacteria may have very different morphologies and metabolisms.

Exercise 17. Choose proper variant of Modal verbs. Read and translate into native language:

In 1876, Robert Koch established that microbes can/could cause disease. He found that the blood of cattle (велика рогата худоба) that were infected with anthrax always had large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. Koch found that he can/could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he can/could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth (бульйон), then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness. Based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microbe and a disease and these are now known as Koch's postulates. Although these postulates cannot/could not be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.

Exercise 18. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Frequently bacteria may secrete chemicals into their environment.

2. Disinfectants must be used to kill bacteria.

3. Robert Koch might work on cholera and tuberculosis.

4. First it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who was able to observe bacteria in 1676.

5. The bacterial secretion can act as enzymes.

6. Bacteria have to grow and divide extremely rapidly.

7. The process of division will be able to depend on the conditions of the environment.

8. Scientists were allowed to use different techniques to promote the growth of bacteria.

Exercise 19. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following terms: “мікроорганізми”, “бактеріологія”:

“Мікроорганізми”

1. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek was the first who observed microorganisms, using microscopes of his own design.

2. Microorganisms are important because they play a key role in many processes that involve human life and health.

3. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of protozoans, yeasts, algae, molds, microscopic fungi, bacteria, and viruses.

4. All the existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups – aerobic and anaerobic.

5. A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism which may be a single cell or multicellular organism.

 

“Бактеріологія”

1. Bacteriology as a science studies the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species.

2. Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms which can live as independent organisms or, dependently, as parasites.

3. A person who studies bacteriology is called a bacteriologist.

4. Bacteriology as a branch of microbiology is concerned with the scientific study of bacteria and their relation to medicine and other areas such as agriculture and industry.

5. Robert Koch, a German physician, is considered to be one of the founders of bacteriology, who received the Nobel Prize in 1905 for his discoveries of anthrax disease and the bacteria, responsible for tuberculosis and cholera.

Exercise 20. Translate into English using Modal verbs or their equivalents:

1. Саме Кох зміг встановити, що мікроби можуть викликати захворювання.

2. Мікроорганізми можуть жити в будь якій частині біосфери, включаючи грунт, гарячі джерела, дно океану, високо в атмосфері і глибоко всередині скелі.

3. Мікроби повинні використовувати як в біотехнології, так і в сучасних технологіях, заснованих на генній інженерії.

4. Однак існує багато патогенних мікробів, які зможуть зашкодити здоров’ю та навіть призвести до смерті рослини, тварини чи людини.

5. Саме патогенні бактерії змогли викликати інфекції, такі як правець, черевний тиф, дифтерію, холеру і туберкульоз.

6. Тільки в 1675 році Антоні ван Левенгук зміг відкрити мікроорганізми, завдяки мікроскопу власної конструкції.

7. Розуміння бактеріального метаболізму і генетики дозволяють використовувати біотехнології для виробництва терапевтичних білків, таких як інсулін.

8. За оптимальних умов, бактерії повинні рости і ділитися надзвичайно швидко, а бактеріальна популяція повинна подвоюватись кожні 9,8 хвилин.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: атмосферний вільний кисень процес поділу бактерій умови навколишнього середовища паличко- та комоподібні бактерії викликати інфекцію для того, щоб виділити хімічні речовини життя та ріст мікроогранізмів основна причина смерті людини збільшувати(ся) у розмірі до певної межі отримати поживні речовини   II. Дайте відповідь на питання: What groups may all the existing microorganisms be divided into? What conditions are favourable for aerobic microorganisms? When do bacteria grow and multiply extremely rapidly? What bacteria are a major cause of human death and diseases? What science studies bacteria?   III. Розкрийте поняття: мікроорганізми бактеріологія

Alexander Fleming

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

contaminate, v	[kən‚tæmə'neɪt]	забруднювати, заражати
discovery, n	[dɪs'kʌvərɪ]	відкриття
dissolve, v	[dɪ’zɒlv]	розв'язувати, розчиняти
extract, v	[ɪk'strækt]	виділяти
harmful, adj	[’hɑ:rmfəl]	шкідливий, небезпечний
mould, n	[məuld]	пліснява, цвіль
preoccupy, v	[prɪ’ɒkjə‚paɪ]	занепокоїти, займати раніше
septic, adj	[ˈsɛptɪk]	септичний
spoil, v	[spɔɪl]	зіпсувати, пошкоджувати
wound, n	[wu:nd]	рана, пошкодження

Exercise 2. Read the following word combinations and translate them:

Wound [wu:nd]: bullet wound, open wound, to stop a wound, mortal wound, gaping wound, lips of the wound, to dress a wound.

Bacteria [bækˈtɪərɪə]: anaerobic bacteria, resistant bacteria, to destroy bacteria, bacteria control, strain of bacterium, anti-bacterial agents, Staphylococcus bacteria, the growth of the bacteria.

Antiseptic [æntɪˈseptɪk]: urinary antiseptic, chemical antiseptics, antiseptic action, antiseptic substance, antiseptic and analgetic effects, antiseptic properties.

Toxic [ˈtɔksɪk]: toxic effect, non-toxic, toxic metal, soil toxicity, toxic activity in laboratory conditions, toxic waste, to be highly toxic, toxic shock syndrome, toxic liver disease, to be toxic or harmful to the living organism

 

Exercise 3. Read the following words, paying attention to the rules of reading:

[əu]– danger ous, numer ous, fibr ous, nerv ous, infecti ous, vari ous, gangren ous, simultane ous.

[ə] – Bacteri u m, cement u m, sput u m, fung u s, sept u m, tetan u s, ser u m, col u mn.

[ə] – bacteri a, pneumoni a, insomni a, edem a, anuri a, malari a, choler a.

[aɪ] – (- i. pl.) – cocc i, calcul i, fung i, bacill i, glomerul i, streptococc i.

 

Exercise 4. Form new words and translate them:

a) the adjectives using the suffixes -ful: model: help – helpful (допомога — корисний) - help, pain, use, rest, harm, beauty, care, wonder, skill.

b) the nouns using the suffixes -th: model: heal – health (гоїтися – здоров'я) - heal,wide, grow, long, warm, deep, true, young, strong, foul.

 

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations:

A research work, a bacterial action, a ferment found in many animal tissues and secretions, to contain the bacteria, to look under the microscope, to spoil the experiment, septic wounds, the mould growth, to run experiments, injections of penicillin, to kill harmful bacteria, a clear zone, to study the phenomenon, to stop the growth of pathogenic bacteria, to thank for saving, to be cured, to grow colonies, a method of extracting pure penicillin, many investigations, to be knighted.

 

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist and Nobel Prize winner, best known for his discovery of penicillin.

Alexander Fleming was born in 1881. He did research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs. In 1922, during his work on the bacteriology of septic wounds, he discovered lysozyme, a ferment found in many animal tissues and secretions which attacks bacteria. He was already much preoccupied with the problem of discovering anti-bacterial agents that were not toxic or harmful to the living organism.

Fleming discovered penicillin by mistake when he was trying to study Staphylococcus bacteria in 1928. He was running experiments with the bacteria in his laboratory at London's St. Mary's Hospital, and set a laboratory dish containing the bacteria near an open window. Upon returning to the experiment, he found that some mould blown in through the open window onto the dish, contaminating the bacteria.

Instead of throwing away his spoiled experiment, Fleming looked closely at it under his microscope. Surprisingly, he saw not only the mould growing on the bacteria, but a clear zone around the mould. Fleming understood the importance of what had happened and immediately began to study the phenomenon.

He placed some mould on other plates and grew more colonies. By means of numerous experiments on animals he determined that this new substance was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria.

Fleming called this substance penicillin. It is of the same family of moulds that often appear on dry bread.

But many investigations had been carried out before a method of extracting pure penicillin was found. It was also very difficult for Fleming to interest biologists and mould experts in penicillin and to decide the problem of its production.

In 1942 Fleming tried his own first experiment. A friend of his was very ill, dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment.

However, it was not until World War II that penicillin, the first antibiotic, was finally isolated by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. Fleming, Florey and Chain received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945, for their discovery which revolutionized medicine and led to the development of lifesaving antibiotics.

Fleming wrote numerous papers on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. He was elected professor of the medical school in 1928 and emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of London in 1948. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and knighted in 1944. He said: “Everywhere I go people thank me for saving their lives. I do not know why they do it. I didn't do anything. Nature makes penicillin. I only found it.”

Fleming died on 11 March 1955.

 

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. What was Alexander Fleming?

2. When was he born?

3. What was he interested in during his work at one of the hospitals in London?

4. How did he develop penicillin?

5. What did Fleming determine by means of his experiments?

6. What marked the beginning of penicillin treatment?

7. How was Fleming honoured?

8. When did Alexander Fleming died?

 

Exercise 8. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Відкрити пеніцилін; фермент, знайдений в багатьох тканинах тварин; атакувати бактерії; відкривати антибактеріальні речовини; живі організми; заражати бактерії; проводити експерименти з бактеріями в своїй лабораторії; цвіль, що росте на бактерії; вбивати шкідливі бактерії; дослідницька робота; випробувати свій власний експеримент; перший антибіотик; привести до розвитку; лікування пеніциліном; виникати на сухому хлібі; вирішити проблеми.

 

Exercise 9. Match the terms with their explanations:

1. penicillin   2. mould   3. bacteria   4. Staphylococcus   5. antiseptic   6. toxic

a) organism not able to be seen except under a microscope, found in rotting matter, in air, in soil and in living bodies, some being the germs of disease; b) capable of causing injury or death, especially by chemical means, poisonous; c) any of a group of antibiotics with powerful bactericidal action, used to treat many types of infections, including pneumonia, gonorrhea, and infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci; d) a spherical gram-positive parasitic bacterium, usually occurring in grapelike clusters and causing boils, septicemia, and other infections; e) a soft grey, green, or blue substance that sometimes forms in spots on old food or on damp walls or clothes; f) capable of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

 

Exercise 10. Guess the name of antiseptics according to their definitions:

Alcohol, Brilliant Green, Boric acid, Eucalyptus, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine, Tea Tree Oil

1.	Due to its oxidising nature is used to clean wounds. It also present in many households first aid used to cleanse wounds, disinfect skin, as a gargle or mouthwash.
2.	It has antiviral and antibacterial properties, thus used for the treatment of flu, throat infections, sinusitis and headaches.
3.	Effective against a broad range of microorganisms. It acts fast in killing microorganisms. Has a drying effect on skin and is not recommended to be used on mucous membranes. Wash the skin before applying it.
4.	It is used for skin disinfectant like acne, athlete's foot and wound healing.
5.	It is 1% ethanol solution for treatment of small wounds and abscesses, also known under a Latin name Viridis nitentis spirituosa.
6.	It's a white crystalline solid, chemically known as orthoboric acid (H3BO3).
7.	The alcoholic solution is known as tincture is a good antiseptic used to gentle washing of minor wounds.

Exercise 11. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term “penicillin”:

1. It is used in the treatment or prevention of many different bacterial infections, usually caused by Gram-positive organisms.

2. Alexander Fleming re-discovered its antibiotic properties in 1928.

3. Penicillins were originally discovered by Ernest Duchesne (a medical student) in the late 19th Century.

4. Originally, penicillin is an antibiotic substance obtained from cultures of the molds Penicillium notatum.

5. He realized this when a sample of a certain bacteria (Staphylococcus) became contaminated by some mold (Penicillium fungi) and that all bacteria cells closest to the mold were dying.

 

Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form using Continuous Active Tenses. Translate sentences:

1. “What (to be) you doing now?” - “I (to be) preparing for my credit test in Physics.”

2. Yesterday from 2 till 6 o'clock we (to be) working at our scientific laboratory.

3. When I was at my sister's at 4 p.m. yesterday she (to be) learning Latin.

4. Tomorrow at 5 p.m. I (to be) preparing a lecture.

5. We (to take) the examination at ten o'clock yesterday.

6. They (not to carry out) an experiment at the moment.

7. While rector (to make) his speech all students (to listen) to him with great attention.

8. Tomorrow I (to write) my article for conference when you come.

Evercise 12. Underline the correct form of the verb:

1. Victor is working/works in the pathology lad at the City Hospital.

2. What do you usually do/are you usually doing in case of flu?

3. While my mother was calling in a doctor, my brother cries/was crying.

4. He is testing/tests blood to look for bacteria and parasites.

5. Most day she is analysing/analyses samples and is carrying/carries out tests on blood.

6. Usually he enjoys/is enjoying his work even though sometimes he works/is working night shifts and weekends.

7. He is also counting/counts blood cells and is matching/matches blood for transfusions.

8. Today Victor is examining/examines body fluids under the microskope.

 

Exercise 13. Translate sentences into English:

1. Зараз микробіолог вивчає інформацию про нові бактерії..

2. Вчора в цей час наша група відвідувала анатомічний театр.

3. Викладач екзаменує студента в цей час.

4. Вони не проводимуть експерименти у вівторок о третій годині.

5. Я готувалася до іспиту з физиології, коли викладач зайшов до аудиторії.

6. В данний час я йду на курси для медсестер.

7. В цей час наступного понеділка ми будемо представляти нові ліки на щорічній конференції.

8. Вона буде здавати кров на аналіз завтра о дев'ятій годині.

 

Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist.

2. Alexander Fleming made a brilliant career at St Mary's Hospital.

3. In 1928 he discovered penicillin.

4. Florey and Chain reinvestigated its properties and preparation.

5. Fleming received many British and foreign honours in recognition of his discoveries.

6. Penicillins were one of the first drugs used to treat diseases such as syphilis.

7. Alexander Fleming died suddenly on March 11th in 1955.

8. Не was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.

 

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences:

In 1941, a doctor, Charles Fletcher, at a hospital in Oxford (to hear) of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain's work. He (to have) a patient who (to be) near to death as a result of bacteria getting into a wound. Fletcher (to use) some of Chain’s and Florey’s penicillin on the patient and the wound (to make) a spectacular recovery. Unfortunately, Fletcher did not have enough penicillin to fully rid the patient’s body of bacteria and he (to die) a few weeks later as the bacteria took a hold. However, penicillin (to show) what it could do. The only reason the patient did not survive was because they did not have enough of the drug - not that it did not work.

Florey (to get) an American drugs company to mass produce it and by June 6th 1944, enough (to be available) to treat all the bacterial infections that broke out among the troops. Penicillin got nicknamed "the wonder drug".

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: дослідницька робота відкривати антибактеріальні речовини цвіль, що росте на бактерії випробувати експеримент вбивати шкідливі бактерії проводити експерименти заражати бактерії токсичні або шкідливі речовини живі організми фермент в тканинах тварин   II. Дайте відповіді на питання: What was Alexander Fleming? What is Alexander Fleming famous for? How did he develop penicillin? What did Fleming he determine by means of his experiments? What marked the beginning of penicillin treatment?   III. Розкрийте поняття: Пеніцилін

 

 

 

Human Body

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

breathe, v

[bri