Exercise 15. Agree or disagree with the statements given below. The following phrases may be helpful.

Indeed, sure, certainly, I can’t agree, nothing of the kind, far from it, that goes without saying

 

1. WHO is a specialized agency concerned with international public health.

2. The Supreme body of WHO is in Paris, France.

3. Malaria is a noncommunicable disease.

4. WHO is not interested in nutrition, food security and healthy eating.

5. Smallpox is widely spread on the Earth.

6. The priorities of WHO policy are communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and others.

7. Besides epidemic information WHO provides other services, i.e. quarantine measures, standardization of medicines, statistics, etc.

8. The emphasis of WHO work is more on prevention than on cure.

 

Exercise 16. Open the brackets using correct tense and voice. Translate the sentences:

1. The nurse (to come) to give injections three times a day this month.

2. Vitamins (to assist) the biochemical process of the body.

3. Standardization of medicines and vaccines as well as development of medical research (to provide) by WHO since its foundation.

4. Odessa (to warn) about epidemic of cholera in 1973.

5. Tomorrow we (to attend) the lecture in Biology.

6. The World Health organization (to establish) in 1948.

7. I never (to be) to the operation-room before.

8. His sister (to care) for medicine.

9. WHO (to inform) national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases.

10. HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (to be) communicable diseases.

11. I (to see) an interesting operation this week.

12. The students (to show) the wards for patients with burns.

 

Exercise 17. Express the following sentences in the Passive voice:

Model: The doctorhas examined all the extremities.

All the extremities have been examined by the doctor.

1. The surgeons have operated on these patients.

2. These drugs have stopped bleeding.

3. The doctor has set a fractured bone.

4. The surgeon has prevented the fatal outcome of the disease.

5. The physician had discharged this patient

6. The nurse had introduced the solution of antibiotics into the wound.

7. The nurse had bandaged the patient's surgical wound.

 

Exercise 18. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. There are 194 member-states in WHO now.

2. WHO provides information about international quarantine measures.

3. The World Health Assembly typically meets in May.

4. The World Health Organization is concerned with international public health.

5. WHO was established in 1948.

6. WHO informs national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases.

7. WHO has achieved impressive success in the campaign against small pox and malaria.

8. WHO works to improve health during key stages of life.

 

Exercise 19. Fill in the missing prepositions. Some of prepositions may be used more than once. Translate the sentences:

with into on about against during

1. The severity of the disease depends…. the particular viral strain.

2. Toxin released … the blood circulation may produce fever.

3. A secondary infection can be treated … appropriate antibiotics.

4. Patients must be warned … the dangers of secondary infection.

5. WHO informs national health services … outbreaks of viral diseases.

6. In the past, many people died …. smallpox.

7. Children are routinely immunized … poliomyelitis, whooping cough and other diseases.

8. WHO also works to improve health…key stages of life, i.e. pregnancy, childbirth, childhood and adolescence.

9. Children should be vaccinated … influenza, if they have never had it.

10. The Constitution of WHO was signed … 194 states.

11. A disease can spread to a healthy person through his/her direct contact … the patient.

12. WHO is concerned … international public health.

 

Exercise 20. Translate into English:

1. Конституція ВООЗ була підписана 61 країною в 1946 році.

2. ВООЗ інформує національні служби охорони здоров’я про спалахи вірусних інфекцій.

3. Штаб-квартира ВООЗ розташована в Женеві.

4. Ціль (пріоритети) ВООЗ включають такізаразні хвороби, як ВІЛ/СНІД, малярія, туберкульоз.

5. В останні роки увага змістилася більш на профілактику, ніж на лікування.

6. ВООЗ досягла успіхів в кампанії проти натуральної віспи.

7. ВООЗ також забезпечує служби, необхідні всім країнам, такі як міжнародна стандартизація ліків і вакцин, медичні дослідження, тощо.

8. Асамблея Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров’я зазвичай збирається щорічно у травні.

 

Exercise 21. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term:

WHO

1. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).

2. In 2013, WHO has 194 member - states.

3. One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings.

4. WHO was established on 7 April 1948.

5. WHO is concerned with international public health.

6. The headquarters of WHO in Geneva, Switzerland.

7. Besides epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as an international quarantine measures, world health statistics, international standardization of medicines and vaccines, etc.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: спалах інфекційних хвороб вагітність заразна хвороба хворобливість смертність умови навколишнього середовища усувати причини хвороби епідемічне попередження старіння безпека продуктів харчування   II. Дайте відповіді на питання: What disease has been completely eradicated from the earth? When was WHO founded? What are the current priorities of WHO? What is the legislative and supreme body of WHO? What is the main emphasis of WHO work?   III. Розкрийте поняття: ВООЗ

 

The Human Cell

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

bacterium, n pl. bacteria	[bæk'tɪəriəm] [bæk'tɪəriə]	бактерія
barrier, n	['bæriə(r)]	бар’єр
cell, n	[sel]	клітина
environment, n	[ɪn'vaɪrənmənt]	навколишнє середовище
glandular, adj	['ɡlændjʊlə(r)]	залозистий
inclusion, n	[ɪn'kluːʒn]	включення
leakage, n	['liːkɪdʒ]	протікання, витік
lifespan	[ˈlaɪfspæn]	тривалість життя
maintain, v	[meɪn'teɪn]	підтримувати
multicellular, adj	[ˌmʌltiˈsɛlyələr]	багатоклітинний
nucleus, n pl. nuclei	['njuːkliəs] ['njuːkliaɪ]	ядро, центр
reproduction, n	[ˌriːprə'dʌkʃn]	відтворення, розмноження
selective, adj	[sɪ'lektɪv]	вибірковий
store, v	[stɔː(r)]	запасати

 

Exercise 2. Study the prefixes. Read and translate the following words and give them explanations:

uni: one, single – unicellular, uninuclear, uniglandular, unilocular, unicapsular, unilateral, unilobular

multi: more than one, many – multicellular, multinuclear, multiglandular, multilocular, multicapsular, multilateral, multilobular

Exercise 3. Give the missing forms, translate them into Ukrainian, some forms may be the same (you may need a dictionary):

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
	function
		structural
study
	selection
	production
divide
vary
	inclusion
store
		different
	preventive

Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations into Ukrainian:

Living organism, biological unit, to vary in size, primary functions, to divide and reproduce, to move freely, genetic material, cell division, lifespan, spherical structure, red blood cells, keratinized cells, a pathologic process, staining characteristics, a double membrane, secretory and pigment granules, tiny holes, the cellular membrane, unwanted substances, tiny holes, lipid and protein molecules, mammalian cells, useful to histologists, pathologic process, unattached to, inclusions, hormone or an enzyme.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

The Humal Cell

The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms, and is often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not. Human cell is eukaryotsic cell. They vary in size, but all are quite small and have different lifespan.

Structurally each of the human cells is divided into two main parts, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus is a large, spherical structure, surrounded by cytoplasm. It is a most important structure because it contains the cell’s genetic material and the structures that control cell division and reproduction. The nucleus is present in all mammalian cells except red blood cells and keratinized cells. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process. Aside from their staining characteristics, which make them useful to histologists, nuclei are important biologically.

A double membrane, the nuclear membrane, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is a fluid material which contains many well-organized structures, called organelles and inclusions. Inclusions are stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules.

The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules. The membrane also contains tiny holes, called pores. The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment. Serving as a highly selective barrier, the membrane keeps certain unwanted substances from entering the cell but admits other substances that are necessary for maintaining cellular life.

The body is composed of many different types of cells, each with its own structure and function. Some, such as white blood cells, move freely, unattached to other cells. Others, such as muscle cells, are firmly attached one to another. Some cells, such as skin cells, divide and reproduce quickly. Some cells, especially glandular cells, have as their primary function the production of complex substances, such as a hormone or an enzyme.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a cell?

2. How is each cell divided?

3. What is the role of the nucleus?

4. What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

5. What does the cellular membrane contain?

6. How does the membrane serve?

7. Do all cells in the body have the same function?

8. What is the study of the cell called?

 

Exercise 7. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Біологічна одиниця, живий організм, види клітин, основна функція, складні речовини, сферична структура,запобігати витіканню, крихітний отвір, варіюватися у розмірі, генетичний матеріал, тривалість життя, переміщуватися вільно, патогенні процеси, характеристика фарбування, підтримувати життя клітини, містить ліпідні і білкові молекули, служити як бар’єр.

 

Exercise 8. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. cytoplasm 2. membrane 3. nucleus 4. pore 5. eukaryote 6. organelle 7. prokaryotes 8. cell

a) unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; b) tiny hole admitting passage of a liquid (fluid or gas); c) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; d) a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; e) one small part of a cell; f) the protoplasm of a cell contained within the cell membrane but excluding the nucleus: contains organelles and other inclusions; g) a thin, flexible layer of tissue that covers, lines, separates, or connects cells or parts of an organism; h) an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences and translate them:

1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and....

2. Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two parts,....

3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing....

4. A double membrane separates the nucleus from....

5. The cellular membrane contains lipid and....

6. The membrane keeps certain unwanted substances….

7. The body is composed of many different types of cells....

8. The glandular cells have primary function as the production of ….

 

Exercise 10. Agree or contradict the following statements:

1. Human cell is eukaryotsic cell.

2. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cell.

3. The cell is often called the "building blocks of life".

4. The cellular membrane contains lipid and organelles.

5. Inclusions contain the cell’s genetic material.

6. All cells in the body produce insulin.

7. Human cells are divided into three main parts.

8. The membrane keeps certain unwanted substances from entering the cell.

 

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Структурно кожна клітина ділиться на дві основні частини.

2. Ядро - це велика сферична структура, оточена цитоплазмою.

3. Дуже часто ядро є основою для діагностики патологічного процесу.

4. Ядерна оболонка відокремлює ядро від цитоплазми.

5. Клітинна оболонка - це тонка оболонка, що оточує цитоплазму.

6. Клітинна оболонка запобігає витоку внутрішніх клітинних структур в навколишнє середовище.

7. Клітини розрізняються за розміром та мають різну тривалість життя.

8. Ядро містить генетичний матеріал клітини і структури, які контролюють розподіл і відтворення клітин.

 

Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.

2. Nuclei are important histological and biologically.

3. The nuclei are present in all mammalian cells except red blood cells and keratinized cells.

4. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.

5. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

6. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.

7. The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.

8. Muscle cells are firmly attached one to another.

Exercise 13. Choose the correct verb and translate the sentences:

1. Ann have/has studied very much this term.

2. The patient have/has sustained a trauma.

3. These affected tissues hasn’t/haven’t recovered for a long time.

4. He hasn't/haven’t wiped the skin around the burn with alcohol yet.

5. The sanitary transport have/has just delivered an injured person from the spot of accident.

6. I have/has been his patient since 2009.

7. They have/has just seen the nurse in the hall.

8. I have/has broken the thermometer.

 

Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Perfect and translate into Ukrainian:

1. The nurse just (to give) analgesics to the patient suffering from the muscle pain.

2. Nelly never (to visit) a dentist.

3. Viruses grow when they (to invade) living cells.

4. When the tumor (not to spread) beyond the lymph nodes, surgery may be effective.

5. Some oncogenic viruses already (to be investigated).

6. Experiments (to show) that certain viruses can cause cancer.

7. We already (to learn) a lot of English words.

8. He just (to do) something for us.

 

Exercise 15. Put the sentences into the correct order to explain the term “cell”:

___Structurally each of the human cells is divided into two main parts, the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

___The body is composed of many different types of cells, each with its own structure and function.

___The study of cells is called cell biology.

___The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms.

___The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть словосполучення: біологічна одиниця живий організм поділ клітин підтримувати життя клітини служити в якості основи основна функція складні речовини запобігати витіканню одноклітинні та багатоклітинні організми генетичний матеріал II. Дайте відповіді на питання: What is a cell? How is each cell divided? What is the role of the nucleus? What does the cellular membrane contain? What is the study of the cell called?   III. Розкрийте поняття: Клітина

 

 

Tissues

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

embed, v	[ɪmˈbɛd]	вставляти
epithelium, n	[epɪˊθi:lɪəlm]	епітелій
fibrous, adj	['faibrəs]	волокнистий; фіброзний
glia, n	['gli:ə]	нейроглія (нервова тканина)
lamina, n pl laminae	['læminə] ['læmini:]	тонка пластинка, тонкий шар
layer, n	['leɪə]	шар, пласт
line, v	['lain]	вистилати
lining, n	['lainɪƞ]	вистілка, вистилання
loose, adj	['lu:s]	вільний (неоформлена, крихка, рихла тканина)
lose, v	['lu:z]	втрачати
loss, n	['lɒs]	втрата
moisture, adj	['mɔistʃə]	вогкість, вологість; волога
neural, adj	['njʊərəl]	нервовий; що стосується нервової системи
embed, v	[ɪmˈbɛd]	вставляти
refinement	[rɪˈfaɪnmənt]	удосконалення
rigid, adj	['riʤid]	жорсткий, твердий; цупкий; негнучкий
stratum	['stra:təm]	шар; нашарування
tissue, n	['tisju:], [ˈtɪʃu]	тканина
urogenital, adj	['jʊərəʊ'ʤenitəl]	сечостатевий
visceral, adj	['visərəl]	внутрішній, що стосується нутрощів
vessel, n	[ˈvɛsəl]	судина

 

Exercise 2. Translate without dictionary:

Absorption, substance, fundamental, fibril, secretion, glial, hormone, involuntary, epithelial, neuron, muscular, activity, histology

 

Exercise 3. Pronounce correctly:

basal ['beisəl]; aggregation [ægrɪ 'geiʃən]; intercellular [intə 'seljulə]; acid ['æsid]; sweat [swet]; saliva [sə'laivə]; muscle ['mʌsl]; secretion [sɪ'kri:ʃən]; myofibril [maiəu'faibril]; striated [strai'eitid], neuron ['njʊərɒ(əʊ)n]

 

Exercise 4. Read correctly:

- ous [əs] –fibrous, nervous, numerous, venous, dangerous, infectious, continuous

- ure [tʃə] – moisture, moisturize, future, fracture, fractured, suture, lecture

- o [ʌ] – other, come, become, some, among, another, accompany, accomplish

- tion [ ʃn] –aggregation, protection, secretion, absorption, connection, addition

- um [əm ] – stratum, caecum, rectum, peritoneum, atrium, curriculum, palladium

Exercise 5. Form the adverbs and translate: