Ex. 17. Translate the text “Digestive System” into Ukrainian.

Ex. 18. Describe the structure of the alimentary canal and related system using the data of the following table:

 

Alimentary Canal	Related System
mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum)	teeth tongue salivary glands hard and soft palates liver gallbladder pancreas

Ex. 19. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the digestive system consist of? 2. What is the food propelled through the digestive tract by? 3. What is the first division of the digestive tract? 4. What are there in the oral cavity? 5. Where does the food pass from the mouth? 6. What is the esophagus? 7. What is the function of the stomach? 8. What parts is the small intestine composed of? 9. What are the major accessory structures in the first segment of the small intestine? 10. What is the functional difference between ileum and jejunum? 11. What is large intestine divided into? 12. What are the major functions of the digestive system?

 

Ex. 20. Read the following text and compose 3-4 short dialogues:

PORTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PHARYNX

The pharynx consists of three parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Normally, only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx transmit food. The oropharynx communicates with the nasopharynx superiorly, the larynx and laryngopharynx inferiorly, and mouth anteriorly. The laryngopharynx extends from the oropharynx to the esophagus and is posterior to the larynx. The posterior walls of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx consist of three muscles, the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictions, which are arranged like three stacked flower pots, one inside the other. The oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are lined with moist, stratified squamous epithelium, and the nasopharynx is lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

ESOPHAGUS

The esophagus is that portion of the digestive tube that extends between the pharynx and the stomach. It is approximately 20-25 cm long and lies in the mediastinum. The esophagus transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. It has thick walls consisting of the four tunics common to the digestive tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and adventitia.

SMALL INTESTINE

The small intestine consists of three portions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The entire small intestine is approximately 6.5 m long; the duodenum is approximately 25 cm long (the term duodenum means 12, suggesting that is 12 inches long); the jejunum, constituting approximately two fifths of the total length of the small intestine, is approximately 2.5 m long, and the ileum, constituting three fifths of the small intestine, is approximately 3.5 m long. Two major glands, the liver and pancreas, are associated with the duodenum.

GALLBLADDER

The gallbladder is a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver that is approximately 8 cm long and 4 cm wide. Three layers form the gallbladder wall: an inner mucosa folded into rugae that allow the gallbladder to expand; a muscularis of smooth muscle that allows the gallbladder to contract; and outer covering of connective tissue. The gallbladder is connected to the common bile by the cystic duct.

PANCREAS

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues that perform several functions. The pancreas consists of a head, a body, and a tail, which extends to the spleen.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The islet cells produce insulin and glucagons, which are very important in controlling blood levels of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, and somatostatin, which regulates insulin secretion.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acini (grapes), which produce digestive enzymes. The acini connect to a duct system that forms the pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum.

LARGE INTESTINE

The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The cecum is the proximal end of the large intestine and is the portion where the large and small intestines meet. The colon consists of four portions. The mucosal lining of the large intestine consists of simple columnar epithelium. It has numerous straight tubular glands. The rectum is a straight, muscular tube. It begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal. The last 2 to 3 cm of the digestive tract is the anal canal. It begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus. The smooth muscle layer of the anal canal forms the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.

 

Ex. 21. Retell the text “Portions of the digestive system”. The following expressions may be helpful:

… is a part of the digestive system.

It consists of ….

… is located...

Its function is to ….

 

Ex. 22. Insert the missing words given below:

THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8.5 meters in length. It _ from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, _, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and _ are the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the _ and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard _ and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the _ to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length.

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 meters long. It is located in the lower and central parts of the _ and pelvic cavities. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long. It is divided into caecum, _, and rectum.

The liver is the largest _ in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The gallbladder is a hollow _ lying on the lower surface of the liver. The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and behind the stomach.

 

palates; esophagus; gland; pharynx; teeth; colon; pancreas; extends; abdominal; sac.

 

Ex. 23. Answer the following questions:

What organ or the part of the digestive tract is located:

1. in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities? 2. in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm? 3. in the abdominal cavity under and behind the stomach? 4. within the abdominal cavity on the lower surface of the liver?

 

Ex. 24. Speak on the structure and functions of the digestive system. The following expressions may be helpful:

Digestive system consists of ….

Important structures of … are ….

The first/second/last segment of alimentary canal is ….

Food passes through … to ….

Small/Large intestine is divided into/includes/consists of ….

The main function of … is to ….

 

Ex. 25. Read and reproduce the following dialogue:

AT THE GASTROENTEROLOGIST’S

Gastroenterologist: What do you complain of?

Patient: I often have a severe pain in my abdomen.

G.: In what part of abdomen do you feel the pain?

P.: In the upper part. Here it is.

G.: What is the character of the pain? Is your pain acute or dull?

P.: It is dull. But sometimes I have colics in my stomach.

G.: Is your pain constant or periodic?

P.: I feel it just after meals.

G.: Do you take any medicineswhen you feel the pain?

P.: Yes,I do. I take some medicines and my pain disappears.

G.: When did the abdominal pain appear? Where does the pain radiate to?

P.: The pain appeared some months ago. It often radiates to the back.

G.: Do you have a feeling of heaviness?

P.: Yes, I do.

G.: What else troubles you?

P.: Sometimes I have nausea or vomiting.

G.: Do you obtain relief after vomiting?

P.: Yes, I do.

G.: Now undress, please. I'll examine you. Show me your tongue, please. Your tongue is thickly coated. Lie down on the couch. I'll palpate your abdomen. The abdomen is symmetrically enlarged. Show me where the pain is. Is it painful when I press here?

P.: Yes, it is.

G.: That's all. Dress yourself and sit down here. Listen to me attentively. First you have to make roentgenography of your abdomen and your gastric juice analysis. Then come to me and I'll prescribe you the treatment. Keep to a diet. Don't eat sour and salt meals. Avoid the physical exertion and emotional overstrain.

P.: Thank you. I'll fulfill all your administrations.

 

OVERVIEW

The alimentary canal includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The related organs are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, hard and soft palates, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive tract extends from the oral cavity to the anus. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach. The stomach receives food from esophagus, and its mixing action reduces the food to a semi-liquid mixture. The small intestine is a thin-walled tube. It is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine. It is divided into cecum, colon, and rectum. The functions of the digestive system are to ingest food, masticate the food, propel the food through the digestive tract, add secretions to the food and digest the food. Once these useful substances are absorbed, they are transported through the circulatory system to cells where they are used. Undigested matter is moved out of the digestive tract and excreted through the anus. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the related organs.

 

LESSON 26

STOMACH

VOCABULARY

store[stO:] берегти, зберігати mix[mIks] змішувати, перемішувати segment ['segment] ділянка, сектор cardiac ['kQ:dIqk] кардіальний, що належить до проксімального відділу fundus ['fAndqs] дно pyloric [paI'lOrIk] пілоричний curvature ['kq:vqCq] вигин sphincter ['sfINktq] сфінктер juice [Gu:s] сік antrum ['xntrqm] печера, порожнина

protein['prqutI:n] білок, протеїн serve [sq:v] служити; виконувати hydrochloric ['haIdro'klOrIk] соляний, хлористий, хлористоводневий create [krI'eIt] виробляти, створювати lining ['laInIN] слизова оболонка push[puS] проштовхувати, штовхати solid['sOlId] твердий primarily ['praImqrIlI] здебільшого, головним чином processed ['prqusest] оброблений, перероблений

WORD-BUILDING

Ex. 1. Familiarize yourself with the following material:

Suffixes of Adjectives:

-y

ice лід – icy льодяний

 

Ex. 2. Read and translate the following words:

Salty; healthy; sleepy.

 

Ex. 3. Form adverbs from the following adjectives and translate them:

MODEL: chief головний – chiefly головним чином, здебільшого