Indefinite pronouns and Adverbs

Pronoun	+thing	+body	+one	+where
some	something (щось, дещо)	somebody (хтось, хто-небудь)	someone (хто-небудь)	somewhere (де-небудь, куди-небудь)
any	anything (щось, що завгодно)	anybody (будь-хто, хто завгодно)	anyone (хто-небудь, хтось)	anywhere (де-небудь, куди-небудь, будь-де)
no	nothing (ніщо, нічого)	nobody (ніхто, нікого)	no one (ніхто, нікого)	nowhere (ніде, нікуди)
every	everything (все)	everybody всі, кожний)	everyone (всі, кожний)	everywhere (всюди, скрізь)

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. These students had some lectures last week. 2. Do you have any drug habits? 3. The doctor gave me a prescription for some antibiotics and told me to come back in three weeks. 4. The patient's voice, facial expression and attitude can give important clues to discover not only something about the disease but also about the patient. 5. Strains are often caused by lifting something too heavy. 6. Thus saying that someone has an "Achilles heel" means he has a weak spot that can be attacked. 7. Are you allergic to any drugs? 8. Is anyone in your family serious ill? 9. He is ready to go anywhere. 10. Do you see anything in the ward? 11. In fact, the NHS provides free medical care for everyone in Britain from very young to the very old. 12. What does a local physician write down in every patient’s card? 13. Everything about the patient is written down in the card. 14. As a baby, Achilles was dipped into magic water, which made him invulnerable to harm everywhere the water touched his skin.

 

READING AND DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS

 

Ex. 10. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.

 

Ex. 11. Insert the missing letters:

St_mach; esop_agus; inte_tine; liv_r; pancre_s; gallb_adder; pha_ynx; mu_us; du_denum; jejun_m; il_um; cae_um; col_n; re_tum.

Ex. 12. Read and translate the following words and word-combinations:

Propulsion; except; masticate; undigested matter; digest; digestion; ingest; indigestive; propel; chew; reduce; dilate; release.

 

Ex. 13. Translate the following sentences and word-combinations into English:

1. mouth. Відкрийте рота. Тверде та м’яке піднебіння знаходиться у роті.

2. stomach. Нижня частина шлунка. Шлунок – внутрішній орган. Шлунок складається з чотирьох оболонок.

3. tongue. Язик – орган смаку. У хворого обкладений язик. Дозвольте оглянути язик.

4. intestine. Товстий кишечник поділяється на три частини. Тонка та товста кишечники знаходяться у черевній порожнині.

5. through. Проходити по судинам. Кров проходить по артеріях. Їжа проходить крізь глотку до стравохіду.

 

Ex. 14. Read the following words:

Through; canal; synonym; mouth; tongue; palate; chew; saliva; esophagus; major; pharynx; abdomen; liquid; segment; anus; useful; substance; appendix; pieces; dilate; duodenum; jejunum; ileum; caecum; rectum.

Ex. 15. Read the following text:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system consists of many parts. They are the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the liver, the pancreas, gallbladder and others.

The food we eat is propelled through the digestive tract by muscular contractions. The digestive tract is also called the alimentary tract or alimentary canal. The term gastrointestinal tract technically only refers to the stomach and intestines but is often used as a synonym of the digestive tract.

The first division of the digestive tract is the mouth, or oral cavity. Important structures of the oral cavity are the teeth, the tongue, the soft and hard palates, and salivary glands. Digestion begins when the person chews the food. The food is broken into smaller pieces by the teeth and is mixed with saliva secreted by the salivary glands.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus. The major accessory structures of the pharynx and the esophagus are mucous glands.

The esophagus opens into the stomach. It rests in the upper abdomen. It is a dilated portion of the digestive tract. The stomach receives food from esophagus, and its mixing action reduces the food to a semi-liquid mixture. The stomach walls contain many glands from which acid and enzymes are released into the stomach and mixed with ingested food.

The stomach opens into the small intestine. The small intestine is a thin-walled tube approximately 6.5 meters long. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The first segment of the small intestine is the duodenum. The major accessory structures in this segment of the digestive tract are the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. The next segment of the small intestine is the jejunum. Small glands exist along its length, and it is the major site of absorption. The last segment of the small intestine is the ileum, which is similar to the jejunum except that fewer digestive enzymes and more mucus are secreted and less absorption occurs in the ileum.

The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine. It is divided into cecum, colon, and rectum. Its major accessory glands secrete mucus. It absorbs water and salts and concentrates indigested food into feces. The first segment is the cecum, with the attached vermiform appendix. The cecum is followed by colon and rectum. The rectum joints the anal canal, which ends at the anus.

Digestive System

The functions of the digestive system are to ingest food, masticate the food, propel the food through the digestive tract, add secretions to the food and digest the food; and absorb water, electrolytes, and other nutrients from the digested food. Once these useful substances are absorbed, they are transported through the circulatory system to cells where they are used. Undigested matter is moved out of the digestive tract and excreted through the anus. The processes of propulsion, secretion, and absorption are regulated by nervous and hormonal mechanisms.

 

Ex. 16. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Глотка; стравохід; шлунок; підшлункова залоза; товстий кишечник; жовчний міхур; сліпа кишка; пряма кишка; товста кишка; порожня кишка; клубова кишка; дванадцятипала кишка; зуби; язик; тверде піднебіння; слинні залози; знаходитися у нижній частині черевної порожнини; напіврідка суміш; тонкостінна трубка; проходити уздовж; переноситись по кровоносній системі.