Paraphrase the parts of the sentences in bold type using words and word combinations from the text. Change the new sentences if it is required.
1. The English language has come to be used in a large portion of the world.
2. When the Anglo-Saxon forefathers of the English nation came to England to make their home there they found a more advanced people than themselves living on the island.
3. A large part of English vocabulary is of the Latin origin.
4. Literature and scholarship developed rapidly in the North.
5. The language of the Danes could be understood by the Angles and the Saxons rather easily.
6. King Alfred encouraged learning.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. General
| 1. Загальна лексика
| native language (mother tongue) / foreign language / international language / lingua franca / artificial language
| рідна мова / іноземна мова / міжнародна мова / мова спілкування людей різних країн / штучна мова
| English-speaking country
| англомовна країна
| to study(ied) / to learn(ed / t) / to teach (taught; taught) / to learn by heart / to learn by rote (to cram)
| вивчати / вчити / навчати / вчити напам’ять / зубрити
| native speaker
| носій мови
| knowledge / thorough knowledge (good command) of English
| знання / добре володіння англійською мовою
| to speak poor English (German) / to speak broken English
| погано розмовляти англійською (німецькою) мовою / розмовляти ламаною англійською
| experience / skill / success / successful /
| досвід / уміння / успіх / успішний
| vowel / consonant / letter /syllable
| голосна / приголосна / буква (літера) / склад
| to master(ed) the language
| вивчити мову / оволодіти мовою
| vocabulary / lexical
| лексика / лексичний
| grammar / grammatical rule
| граматика / граматичне правило
| pronunciation / accent / foreign accent
| вимова / іноземний акцент
| transcription
| транскрипція, транскрибування
| fixed / direct word order
| фіксований / прямий порядок слів
| means of communication
| засіб спілкування
| scientific approach
| науковий підхід
| to read (read; read) in the original / in translation
| читати в оригіналі / у перекладі
| to write (wrote; written) out / to write down (to put down)
| виписувати / записувати
| peculiarity
| особливість
| to translate(d) / to interpret(ed) / to translate with a dictionary / translator (interpreter)
| перекладати письмово / перекладати усно / перекладати зі словником / перекладач
| word-to-word translation / literary translation
| дослівний переклад / літературний переклад
| meaning / to mean (meant; meant)
| значення / означати
| to do (did; done) one’s best
| робити все можливе
| to be of great importance
| мати важливе значення
| as quick as possible
| якомога швидше
| to say (said; said) to / to tell (told; told) / to speak (spoke; spoken) with / to talk(ed) to
| сказати (комусь) / розповідати / розмовляти
| to speak fluently / slowly / in low voice / loudly
| розмовляти вільно (швидко) / повільно / тихо / голосно
| Say it again, please. / Repeat it, please. / Come again?
| Повторіть це, будь ласка. / Що-що? (розм.)
| I don’t understand you.
| Я Вас не розумію.
| to lack(ed) practice
| бракувати (відчувати нестачу) практики
| to compare(d) the results
| порівняти результати
| to influence(d) the development
| впливати на розвиток
| scientific and technical journals
| наукові й технічні журнали
| weak / strong points
| слабкі / сильні сторони
|
|
| 2. The List of some English Language Derivations.
| admiral, algebra, mattress
| Arabic
| | mosquito, cigar, canyon
| Spanish
| | piano, violin, spaghetti
| Italian
| | yacht, boss, deck
| Dutch
| | pyjamas, shampoo, bungalow
| Hindi
| | yogurt, kiosk
| Turkish
| | tycoon, karate
| Japanese
| | bamboo, compound
| Malay
| | tomato, chocolate
| Aztec
| | coca, quinine
| Inca
| | coach, paprika
| Hungarian
| | theatre, astronomy, logic
| Classic Greek
| | whisky
| Gaelic
| | vodka, sputnik
| Russian
| | sauna
| Finnish
| | tea, silk
| Chinese
| | marmalade
| Portuguese
| | robot
| Czech
| | kangaroo, boomerang
| Australian Aborigine
| | rendezvous, cafe
| Modern French
| | kindergarten
| Modern German
| | 3. Languages of the World
| Country
| Nationality
| Language
| Germany
| German
| German
| France
| French
| French
| Italy
| Italian
| Italian
| Spain
| Spanish
| Spanish
| Britain
| British
| English
| Portugal
| Portuguese
| Portuguese
| Japan
| Japanese
| Japanese
| Korea
| Korean
| Korean
| China
| Chinese
| Mandarin (Cantonese)
| Australia
| Australian
| English
| The United States of America
| American
| English
| Saudi Arabia
| Saudi Arabian
| Arabic
| Brazil
| Brazilian
| Portuguese
| Sweden
| Swedish
| Swedish
| Switzerland
| Swiss
| Swiss-German, French, Italian
| Egypt
| Egyptian
| Arabic
| Holland
| Dutch
| Dutch
| Mexico
| Mexican
| Spanish
| Russia
| Russian
| Russian
| Ukraine
| Ukrainian
| Ukrainian
| Israel
| Israeli
| Hebrew
| Greece
| Greek
| Greek
| Turkey
| Turkish
| Turkish
| Argentina
| Argentinian
| Spanish
| | | | | | Note.
When you are talking about people in general from a particular country, there are some nationalities that you can make plural with an ‘s’, but others can only be formed with the definite article (and no plural ‘s’):
Brazilians
| the British
| Germans
| the French
| (the) Italians
| the Swiss
| Russians
| the Dutch
| Israelis
| the Japanese
| Ø With both groups you can also use the word ‘people’: British people, German people, etc.
Ø When you talk about one person from these countries, you need to add woman / man / person to the group on the right: a Brazilian but a Japanese person, a German but a Swiss person, etc.
VOCABUALARY PRACTICE
BLOCK I
- Complete these sentences with the name of the people from the country on the right.
Examples: I have worked a lot with Germans.
| Germany
| I’ve spent a lot of time with the French.
| France
| 1. We do a lot of business with _________.
| Japan
| 2. ________ are usually hard-working.
| Israel
| 3. I have always found __________ very friendly.
| Brazil
| 4. People often say that __________ are reserved.
| Britain
| 5. ________ are very organized.
| Switzerland
| 6. I met a lot of _________ on my trip to Athens.
| Greece
|
- Fill in the missing vowels and read the sentences.
1. Your weak point is your pr_n_nc_ _t_ _n. If you don’t know how to pr_n_ _nc_ a word, look it up in the d_ct_ _n_r_, and write out its tr_nscr_pt_ _n.
2. Why do you think it is important for you to learn f_r_ _gn l_ng_ _g_s?
3. Do you think there is any difference between an _nt_rpr_t_r and a tr_nsl_t_r?
4. My uncle’s kn_wl_dg_ and _xp_r_ _nc_ help him to run a s_cc_ssf_l b_s_n_ss.
5. In the last test I made more gr_mm_r than v_c_b_l_r_ mistakes.
6. My friend _ng_ _s doing English cr_ssw_rds and p_zzl_s.
7. Have you ever tried speaking English to n_t_v_ sp_ _k_rs.
8. My brother is an engineer and knows English well enough to translate articles from
sc_ _nt_f_c and t_chn_c_l j_ _rn_ls.
3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
| A
| B
| C
| 1.
| first language
| native language
| native tongue
| 2.
| English
| Esperanto
| Chinese
| 3.
| grammar
| vocabulary
| consonant
| 4.
| fluency
| skill
| proficiency
| 5.
| lesson
| course
| lecture
| 6.
| dictionary
| vocabulary
| thesaurus
| 7.
| motivation
| memory
| aptitude
| 8.
| interpreter
| teacher
| translator
|
What do you think a good language learner does? Make up as many sentences as possible with the phrase given in the table.
Example: A good language learner reads English books without being told to.
reads English books
| without the teacher
| writes things down
| in every way possible
| practices speaking
| from films, TV and Internet
| tries to learn the language
| in cases of difficulty
| guesses words
| in real situations
| tries to study
| every day if possible
| uses a dictionary
| without being told to
|
Match the words and word combinations with their explanation.
1. artificial
| a) the arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence
| 2. influence
| b) the sounding of words
| 3.dictionary
| c) the rules for the correct use of words
| 4. skill
| d) made to copy something natural
| 5. lingua franca
| e) an effect a person or thing can have on another person or thing
| 6. pronunciation
| f) to change into another language
| 7. grammar
| g) the imparting or exchange of information, ideas or feelings
| 8. word order
| h) cleverness that comes from practice
| 9. to translate
| i) a shared language for communication used by people whose main languages are different
| 10. communication
| j) a book that gives the meanings of words
|
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