Читання голосних буквосполучень

Деякі приголосні в англійській мові впливають на читання голосних, які стоять поряд

 

Буквосполучення	Читання	Приклади
a+s+приголосна	[α:]	ask, fast, pass
a+l+приголосна–у закритому складі під наголосом	[o:]	small, salt, tall
a+l+k (lне читається)	[o:]	talk, chalk
wa, qua+r+приголосна (r не читається)	[o:]	war, warm, quarter
wa, qua+(крім r, l)	[o]	want, quantity
wa, qua –у відкритому складі	[e]	wave, quake
ai, ay –під наголосом	[e]	stain, day
au, aw	[o:]	author, law
ea, ee	[i:]	sea, steel
ear –під наголосом, якщо за цим сполученням не стоїть приголосна	[ә]	dear
еar –перед приголосною	[з:]	learn, early
eer –під наголосом	[ә]	engineer
ew –якщо не стоїть післяl, r, j	[ju:]	few, dew
еw –після l, r, j	[u:]	flew, drew, jewel
i+ld	[α]	mild
i+nd	[α]	find
i+gh	[α]	flight
o+ld	[әu]	old, gold
oo+k	[u]	took, look
oo+приголосна	[u:]	mood, shoot, foot
oa	[әu]	road, load
ou, ow	[αu] [Λ] [u]	out, town, loud country group
u –післяr, l, j,а також перед голосною	[u:]	rule, blue, June
ui	[ju:]	suit
uiпісля r, l, j	[u:]	fruit, juice

Читання деяких приголосних і їх сполучень

Буквосполучення	Читання	Приклади
c+e, i, y	[s]	place, pencil, icy
c –в інших випадках	[k]	crystal, cubic, can
g+e, i, y	[d3]	page, giant, Egypt
g –в інших випадках	[g]	go, big, gave
j	[g] [d3]	get, give jet, just
s –у кінці слова, після голосної та дзвінкої приголосної, усередині слова між голосними	[z]	his, plans, because
s –в інших випадках	[s]	so, stand, lamps
th	[θ] [ð]	think, thin, thank this, that, with
sh	[∫]	show, ship
ch, tch	[t∫]	inch, match
ph	[f]	physics, telephone
w –передrна початку слова не читається		write, wrong
qu	[kw]	quick, equipment
wh+голосна(крімo)	[w]	what, when, why
wh+o	[h]	who, whom, whose
ture –у ненаголошеному положенні	[t∫ә]	lecture, culture
tion, ssion –у ненаголошеному положенні	[∫n]	motion, session
ci+ненаголошена голосна	[∫]	social, electrician

Читання дифтонгів

Буквосполучення	Читання	Приклади
ai	[e]	say, baby, train, plate, table, waiter, Spain
oa, or, ow	[әu]	no, smoke, those, motor, only, Poland, hotel, oak, coat, foam, grow
igh, ild, ind	[α]	five, nine, ice, eye, my, side, night, sight, mild, find
ow, ou	[αu]	how, count, flower, cloud, hour, now
ow	[o]	boy, noise, boil, voice, choice, toy
ear, ier, eer	[ә]	dear, clear, beer, really, ear, cheer, tier, pierce, engineer
eir	[εә]	where, there, their, chair, hair, care
ure, oor	[uә]	sure, poor, moor
ia	[αә]	diamond, giant
our	[αuә]	sour, flour, hour

 

PART I

BASIC TOPICS

INTRODUCTION

Getting acquainted. Communicative and social expressions

You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist (Indira Gandhi)

It’s nice to be important, but it's more important to be nice.

What this world needs is a new kind of army – the army of the kind.

Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see (Mark Twain)

Don't wait for people to be friendly, show them how.

You can't live a perfect day without doing something for someone who will never be able to repay you.

We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we speak (Epictetus)

INTRODUCTORY TEXT^*

Notes to the text:

to shake (shook; shaken) hands with smb – потиснути руку

to be introduced to smb – бути представленим комусь

to introduce oneself – представитися

to introduce smb to smb – представити когось комусь

handshaking – рукостискання

formal / informal get-togethers – офіційні / неофіційні зустрічі

to touch(ed) – торкатися

newcomer – новачок

When people abroad have a company or when they are invited to formal or informal get-togethers, they usually make a point of trying to make others fell comfortable and relaxed. On the whole, they tend to be informal.

Men shake hands, but usually only when they are introduced. Male friends and business associates who haven’t seen each other in a while may shake hands when they say hello. Women usually don’t shake hands when being introduced to each other. When a woman and a man are introduced, shaking hands is up to the woman. Americans rarely shake hands to say good-bye, except on business occasions.

Handshaking is rather rare in Britain as well, but it is a correct thing to do on the Continent. When an Englishman passes a friend in the street he only touches his hat. He doesn’t shake hands when he stops to talk.

At parties, interviews and other formal and informal situations you meet people you haven’t met before you have to introduce yourself to them, or they introduce themselves toyou.You also have to introduce people you already know to one another.

Here are a few rules of introduction which are useful to remember:

1) men are introduced to women;

2) young people to older ones;

3) old friends to newcomers;

4) a young girl to a married woman;

5) women are never presented to a man.

^*Тут і далі для укладання та ілюстрування тестів і вибірки крилатих висловів використано інформацію з електронних джерел. – Прим. авт.

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

1. General	1. Загальна лексика
get (got; got) acquainted with smb / become acquainted with smb / make smb acquaintance / meet smb	познайомитися
acquaintance, n	знайомий
to have (had; had) a nodding acquaintance	мати далеке знайомство
to nod(ed)	кивати головою
to address(ed) smb	звернутися до когось
to know (knew; known) smb	бути знайомим із кимось
to know smb by sight	знати когось особисто (в обличчя)
visiting / calling card	візитівка
to spell (spelt; spelt) one’s name	вимовити чиєсь ім’я по буквах
to make (made; made) friends with smb	потоваришувати з кимось
to make a friendly chat	приємно поговорити
2. Greeting and good-byes / attracting attention	2. Привітання і до побачення / як привернути увагу
How do you do!	Здрастуйте!
Good morning! / Morning! (until 12 p.m.)	Доброго ранку!
Good afternoon! / Afternoon! (until 5-6 p.m.)	Добрий день!
Good evening! / Evening! (until 10-11 p.m.)	Доброго вечора!
Hello! How are you?	Здрастуйте! Як ви?
Hello! How are you getting on?	Здрастуйте! Як життя?
Hello! Nice to meet you!	Здрастуйте! Радий зустрічі!
Hi!	Привіт!
Thanks, I’m very well / fairly (quite) well / fine / all right / not bad / so-so / more or less all right / a bit tired	Дякую, у мене все гаразд / досить добре / нормально / непогано / так собі / більш-менш нормально / трохи стомлений.
Thank you! – Not at all / It’s all right / Don’t mention it!	Дякую! – Немає за що.
You’re welcome.	Будь ласка.
It’s very kind of you.	Дуже люб’язно з Вашого боку.
Give my best regards to / remember me to / say “Hello” to (your mum / friend / relatives)	Передай привіт (мамі / другові / родичам).
Good bye! (Bye!)	До побачення!
Good night! (Night!)	На добраніч!
See you later / tomorrow!	Побачимося пізніше / до завтра!
Have a nice evening!	Приємного вечора!
Excuse me, please	Вибачте, будь ласка!
May / Can I have your attention, please?	Я перепрошую!
Look here! / Look / Watch out!	Стережися!
3. Conversational openings	3. Як розпочати розмову
We met at…, didn’t we?	Ми вже знайомі, чи не так?
We’ve met before? / Haven’t we met before?	Ми вже знайомі? (Зустрічалися раніше?)
We’ve already been introduced.	Нас уже представили один одному.
Could I have seen you somewhere?	Ми раніше зустрічалися, чи не так?
Your face seems familiar to me.	Ваше обличчя мені знайоме.
Your name sounds familiar.	Ваше ім’я мені знайоме.
I’ve heard so much about you.	Я так багато про Вас чув.
4. Forms of address	4. Форми звертання
first name	to friends
Mr. Hunter	to a man
Mrs. Hunter	to a married woman
Miss Brown	to a girl or unmarried woman
Sir	to an older man / to an officer in the armed forces / as a title followed by the first name / to male customers / to a stranger in the street to attract attention
Madame	used by shop assistants, waiters to female customers.
Miss	to a woman-teacher by primary school children
doctor (alone)	to medical practitioners
Doctor Brown	to a person with a degree (PhD – Doctor of Philosophy)
professor (with / without surname)	to a university professor
Ladies and Gentlemen	to an audience
officer	to a policeman
waiter / porter / nurse	to a person of certain occupation

VOCABUALARY PRACTICE

BLOCK I