Структура английского простого повествовательного распространённого предложения

0 место	I место	II место	III место	IV место
обсто- ятельство	подле- жащее	сказуемое	допол- нение*	обсто- ятельство
Last year	my friend	worked	as a manager	in the bank
-	We	translated	this text	yesterday

 

* Дополнение бывает прямое и косвенное: I read the book to my child. (the book – прямое дополнение, to my child – косвенное дополнение).

Сложные предложения бывают сложносочинёнными и сложноподчинёнными. В сложносочинённом предложении составляющие его простые предложения равноправны по смыслу и связаны сочинительными союзами: and - и; but - но; while, whereas - а, в то время как; or - или; otherwise - иначе; either … or - или … или.

The weather was fine and there were lots of people on the beach. Погода была прекрасной, и на пляже было много народу.
John is a pupil, while his brother is a student. Джон - ученик, а его брат-студент.

Сложноподчиненное предложение состоит из главного предложения и из одного или более подчиненных придаточных предложений. Наиболее употребительными типами придаточных предложений являются:

1. Придаточные дополнительные, вводимые союзами that, whether, if, why, what, when.

I feel that it's true. Nobody knows if (whether) they will return soon. They want to know when you'll be here again. We'd like to see what it is.

2. Придаточные времени и условия, вводимые союзами when, as soon as, before, after, if, in case, unless.

When Mother comes, we'll discuss it. I'llcall you as soon as I get the e-mail. If I have time, I shall go to the party. I will not speak to him unless he apologizes.

3. Придаточные обстоятельства, причины, образа действия, сравнения, цели.

I can't join you because I'm very busy. She speaks as if she knew everything. Helen studies as well as her elder brother does. He left early so that he should not be late.

4. Придаточные определительные, вводимые относительными местоимениями that, who (whom), which.

Show me the book that you've bought. The girl whom he invited is my sister. I'd like to meet the writer who wrote this novel. He is reading the magazine which he got yesterday.

По цели высказывания все предложения делятся на повествовательные, сообщающие факты в утвердительной или в отрицательной форме, повелительные, выражающие приказания, просьбы, приглашения, вопросительные, задающие различные вопросы для получения нужной информации.

It's autumn. Winter is coming. I don't like winter. Stay cool! Relax! Don't answer me back! Don't tell me lies! What's the matter? Do you agree with me? Is everybody here?

Повелительные предложения выражают приказание, просьбу, приглашение. В этих предложениях нет подлежащего, так как они передают обращение ко второму лицу с просьбой сделать что-то (или не делать чего-то), при этом само обращение может отсутствовать.

Come to the blackboard. Don’t write this test now. Ann, go to the library.

Любой из вышеперечисленных видов предложений может быть преобразован в восклицательное предложениепри помощи слов what и how.

What a nice girl! What fantastic news! How nice the girl is! How interesting the information is!

Основные типы вопросительных предложений

Общий вопрос (the general question). Он задает­ся ко всему предложению и требует ответа Yes или No. Порядок слов обратный, на первое место выно­сится вспомогательный (do, does и др.) или модальный глагол для выяснения конкретной информации.

Do you like computers? – Yes, I do, very much.

Is that your CD? – No, it is not, it's Ann's.

Does he speak Spanish? – Yes, he does.

Can you help us? – Of course, I can.

Must I do it now? – Yes, it's urgent.

May I stay here? – Of course, no problem.

Глагол to be в простом настоящем и простом про­шедшем временах вспомогательного глагола не требует.

Am I or are you right? Is he here?

Were you (was he) at the theatre last night?

Сравните также общие вопросы, соответствующие русскому значению «Разве...?», «Неужели...?». Isn't he here?.... Weren't you there? Won't you go there? Don't you know him? Can't you do it for me? Haven't you got a car?

Специальный вопрос (the special question) мо­жет относиться к любому члену предложения. При его постановке для получения конкретной информации используются вопросительные слова who (кто), what (что, какой), when (когда), where (где), why (почему), which (который), what kind of (какой), whom (кого, кому), how (как), how much / many (сколько).

Who helps you? What do you do?

When did you come? Where did you get it?

Why are you so angry? Which is your book?

What kind of music do you like?

What country do you come from?

Whom did you invite to your birthday?

How are you going to do it?

Вопрос к подлежащему (the question to the subject) как в настоящем, так и в прошедшем вре­мени не требует вспомогательного глагола. Поря­док слов в таком вопросе прямой: Who plays the piano in your family? Whо went to the picnic last Sunday? What troubles you? What made you happy?

Примечание. В настоящем времени глагол имеет форму третьего лица единственного числа. What helps you to be so active? Who meets you after school, Benny?

Альтернативный, или выборочный вопрос (the alternative question), можно поставить к любому члену предложения; он предполагает выбор между двумя лицами, предметами, качествами и т.д.

We watched a western on TV last night.

Did you or did the kids watch a western on TV last night?

Did you watch a western or a comedy last night?

Did you watch a western on TV last night or on Saturday?

Разделительный вопрос (the disjunctive or "tag-question") задается с целью выражения удивления, сомнения, подтверждения высказанной мысли и со­ответствует русским оборотам «не правда ли?», «не так ли?», «ведь».... Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей: повествовательной (с прямым по­рядком слов) и вопросительной, представляющей со­бой краткий вопрос. Во второй части употребляет­ся вспомогательный или модальный глагол, входя­щий в состав сказуемого первой части.

You are an optimist, aren't you?

He likes coffee, doesn't he?

You can swim, can't you?

You have been to Rome, haven't you?

He has got a car, hasn't he?

They have dinner at home, don't they?

Если первая часть вопроса утвердительная, то гла­гол во второй части будет иметь отрицательную фор­му. И наоборот, если первая часть вопроса отрица­тельная, то глагол во второй части имеет утверди­тельную форму. Сравните:

English is difficult, isn't it? English isn’t difficult, is it?

You are happy, aren't you? You are not happy, are you?

He often lies, doesn't he? He never lies, does he?

 

Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях:

 

?	0 место	I место	II место	III место	IV место
Вопросительное слово	вспомогательный глагол	подле- жащее	сказуе- мое	допол- нение	обстоя-тель- ство
-	Does	my friend	work	as a manager	in the bank?
What	does	my friend	do	-	in the bank?
Where	did	my friend	work	as a manager	last year?
When	did	my friend	work	as a manager	in the bank?

 

 

При вопросе к подлежащему или его определению сохраняется прямой порядок слов:

 

?	0 место	I место	II место	III место	IV место
		Who	worked	as a manager	in the bank last year?
		Whose friend	worked	as a manager	in the bank last year?

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте, переведите и определите, являются ли предложения простыми, сложносочиненными или сложноподчи­ненными:

 

1. I love English. 2. It is a very beautiful language. 3. When I think about you, I feel happy. 4. Come in and we shall have a nice chat. 5. Robert had a cup of milk and went to bed. 6. If you have a strong cough, put a spoon of honey in your tea. 7. The room was warm and comfortable. 8. She is the person who cares for me. 9. There was no moon and the sky was black. 10. The tourists had a late dinner at the hotel restaurant. 11. It was raining heavily though the wind had stopped. 12. Make a cup of tea for us while I'm laying the table. 13. We shall see you again after you come back from London. 14. I have loved you ever since I saw you first. 15. I can't find the words to say how I love you. 16. Ted looks unhappy because he got a bad mark.

Упражнение 2. Определите типы придаточных предложений:

 

1. You know that this work is very important. 2. I feel that it’s true.3. They want to know where the train is going. 4. We want to see what it is. 5. We’ll discuss it when the parents come. 6. I’ll call you as soon as I get the e-mail. 7. If I have time, I shall go to the party. 8. I will not speak to him unless he apologizes. 9. He is reading the magazine which he got yesterday. 10. The girl whom he invited is my sister. 11. I’d like to meet the writer who wrote this novel. 12. Show me the book that you have got. 13. I can’t join you because I am very busy. 14. She speaks as if she knew everything. 15. He left early so that he should not be late. 16. Nobody knows if they will return soon. 17. She was sure that she would become a pop-singer.

Упражнение 3. Найдите подлежащее в следующих предложе­ниях:

1. He is a famous singer. 2. My wife is a teacher. 3. This is the best project. 4. Amanda is very diligent. 5. The concert was fantastic! 6. It was a lucky chance. 7. You will be a good designer. 8. Everything ended luckily. 9. Ann takes her studies seriously. 10. It often rains in autumn. 11. Must they help to their parents? 12. News travels pretty fast. 13. Who had a late lunch at a hotel? 14. Should I follow all your advice?

 

Упражнение 4. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в следую­щих предложениях:

 

1. Alison lives next door to us. 2. He and I are business partners. 3. It is autumn. 4. There is an orange in the vase. 5. There are a lot of new words in this text. 6. It is very cold today. 7. The students began to prepare for exams. 8. Everyone is ready to help him. 9. Our cosmonauts have spent hundreds of hours in outer space. 10. We needn't go to the post-office to send a letter. 11. He was late for the train. 12. It has been raining for 2 days. 13. Something is wrong with the computer again! It must be a virus. 14. Jack has to take a taxi. 15. The Wilsons are redecorating their house.

 

Упражнение 5. Найдите подлежащее и скажите, чем оно выражено:

 

1. She stopped crying and looked at me hopefully. 2. It is autumn now and the birds are flying away. 3. It is pleasant to be back home again. 4. Tom is considered to be a clever man. 5. My Granny had lunch and went for a walk in the park. 6. His work is interesting and important. 7. To help you is my pleasure. 8. Walking is a good way to avoid stress. 9. Yours was the best project. 10. Your ifs and buts always irritate me! 11. Seven is considered to be a lucky number. 12. The homeless dream of a warm house.

 

Упражнение 6. Найдите главные члены предложения, определите форму сказуемого в следующих предложе­ниях:

1. They gave a wonderful show last night. 2. Mr. Robinson manages his firm well. 3. He has worked hard all his life. 4. I have made a good progress in my studies lately. 5. I started learning English not long ago. 6. You should think about your behaviour. 7. Chris would like to buy a fast car. 8. They started running as fast as they could. 9. I'm so tired that I can hardly move. 10. She hardly knows what to do with her children. 11. As we took an early train, we arrived in London quite early. 12. Since I read it I keep thinking about it. 13. Give it a hard push when you try to open the door. 14. All her life Tina has been dreaming of becoming a dancer.

 

Упражнение 7. Найдите дополнения в следующих предложениях:

 

1. Buy me an ice-cream, please. 2. Are you going to explain it to me? 3. Dictate this rule to the students, please. 4. Show me the new computer. 5. Look at the map. 6. – I've never seen a ghost. – Have you? 7. I want to be with you. 8. Call me tonight. 9. I shall never forget you. 10. Nina is married to my cousin. 11. I've been thinking of you! 12. Peter will not tell her about his adventure. 13. The secretary gave the mail to the boss. 14. I've never translated from Spanish into English. 15. Barbara parked the car near the shopping-centre. 16. I'd like to introduce you to my friends. 17. Listen to your heart!

 

Упражнение 8. Найдите дополнения и измените предложения по образцу. Обратите внимание на порядок слов в предложениях с прямыми и косвенными дополнениями:

 

Образец: Give this disk to Victor. – Give Victor this disk.

1. Show your new passport to the inspector. 2. Send a Christmas card to your grandparents. 3. Pass the ketchup to Dad. 4. Don't lend any money to Vladimir. He never gives it back. 5. Take the telegram and pass it to Henry. 6. He has two small daughters and he often gives presents to them. 7. I need your car badly. Can you lend it to me? 8. Mr. Parker gave a master class to his students. 9. Describe this picture to me. 10. She taught Latin to my son. 11. Tell your new telephone number to the secretary. 12. Sing this wonderful song to us, Maria. 13. You will have to pay the money to them here and now. 14. Would you get a beer for me? 15. Let me make some coffee for you, girls.

 

Упражнение 9. Найдите определения в следующих предложениях, скажите, чем они выражены:

1. It was a small cosy room. 2. It happened on a December night. 3. I like Jessica's ear-rings. 4. Did you see his new scooter? 5. Have you got any new ideas? 6. It's miserable weather today, isn't it? 7. The streets of Moscow have become very beautiful lately. 8. I saw a girl dancing in the hall and I fell in love with her. 9. The rising sun made everything look beautiful. 10. The house built by my grandfather is made of wood. 11. The scared child couldn't say a word. 12. On the second day of our trip there was a strange incident. 13. She has a talent to tell people's future. 14. I hope to have a chance of travelling around the world one day. 15. He has a bright post-card of a London double-decker. 16. The photo which is standing on the piano was taken some twenty years ago.

 

Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения и найдите в них обстоятельства:

1. Don't go out alone in the middle of the night. 2. Our teacher speaks English perfectly. 3. My relatives live in the country all the year round. 4. I like your new shoes very much. 5. He was very much surprised at hearing it. 6. I've missed you a lot! Where have you been all this time? 7. They went there with a heavy heart. 8. The stranger spoke in an easy friendly manner. 9. She is as pretty as a calendar picture. 10. – Did you come to work by car this morning? – No, on foot. I took my car to the service-station a week ago. 11. He works at the laboratory hard from morning till night. 12. After waiting for a few moments impatiently, he left angrily. 13. What a shame we have our birthday once a year! 14. They stood side by side looking tenderly at the playing children. 15. Though he was tired he started working at once.

 

Упражнение 11. Составьте предложения из данных слов:

1. Kate, in, work, the, I, and, hospital. 2. Our, holiday, we, in, spent, the, south. 3. Tennis, playing, enjoy, my, friends. 4. Car, has, a, my, new, brother. 5. Study, the, at, we, University. 6. Was, it, raining, in, morning the, yesterday. 7. Text, can, this, not, we, translate, difficult. 8. Computer, to play, boys, the, like, games. 9. Begin, at, the lessons, in, 9 o’ clock, the morning. 10. Classroom, computers, in, our, fifteen, there are.

 

Упражнение 12. Составьте предложения из данных слов:

 

1. You, watch, last night, did, the football match? 2. English, am learning, to speak, I, fluent, now. 3. Fred, you, his, has invited, to, party, housewarming. 4. She, really, heavy, such a, is, smoker? 5. This photo, Brian, did, when and where, take? 6. Can, guess, he, never, I, about, is thinking, what. 7. In Ireland, have been living, myaunt and uncle, since 1995. 8. Never, in Africa, warm clothes, people, wear. 9. Rains, in the Himalayas, often, it, in spring, early. 10. Short, so, is, life, and, it, you, always, must, enjoy. 11. Romantically, started, this, in America, story, long ago, love. 12. A small garden, to have, in which, I'd like, flowers, my, plant, favourite, every spring, I could.

 

Упражнение 13. Прочитайте и переведите повелительные предложения. Постройте по образцу отрицательные предложения:

Образец: Take the book to the library.

Don’t take the book to the library.

1. Give this letter to your boss. 2. Invite your boyfriend to the party. 3. Read the text aloud.4. Smile when you are talking to me. 5. Take her to your parents’ place. 6. Wait for him for an hour. 7. See this film. 8. Take a taxi. 9. Get up! 10. Forget about it. 11. Give me a call after nine. 12. Type these papers today.

Упражнение 14. Перестройте повелительные предложения по образцу, чтобы выразить вежливую просьбу:

Образец: Come here! – Will you come here, please?

Give it to me! – Please, give it to me!

1. Make me a call at three! 2. Meet me at the station! 3. Wash up the dishes! 4. Speak to your teacher at school! 5. Go shopping after classes! 6. Turn on the light! 7. Explain it to me! 8. Tell me the truth! 9. Remember to post the letter! 10. Go to bed at once!

Упражнение 15. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Перестаньте разговаривать. 2. Снимай пальто и проходи в комнату. 3. Не ешь столько мороженого. 4. Не выходи на улицу без шапки. 5. Пригласи их в гости. 6. Останься посмотреть футбольный матч с нами. 7. Попроси Аню принести словарь. 8. Не ешьте много на ночь. 9. Не открывай окно на ночь, холодно. 10. Подумайте, прежде чем отвечать.

Упражнение 16. Прочитайте и переведите вопросы. Определите их типы: общие, альтернативные, разделительные, специальные:

1. Is he a good economist? 2. Are you an accountant? 3. Was she a popular actress? 4. Will the teacher be angry? 5. Do you like classical music or pop-music? 6. Does he play chess? 7. Does she speak English or French? 8. Can you help us? 9. Who helps you? 10. Who plays the piano in your family? 11. You can swim, can’t you? 12. Did you watch a western or a comedy last night? 13. You are an optimist, aren’t you? 14. Won’t you go there? 15. Can’t you do it for me? 16. Where did you go last month? 17. You are happy, aren’t you? 18. What makes you so happy? 19. What will you be doing tonight? 20. Will you stay with us for the weekend? 21. When did you finish school? 22. Where do you work? 23. Whom have you invited to your birthday? 24. The English language is difficult, isn’t it?

Упражнение 17. Поставьте общие и альтернативные вопросы (где можно) к следующим предложениям:

 

Образец: I live in a big city. – Do you live in a big city? – Do you live in a big city or in a small town?

1. I study at the University. 2. We are students. 3. She can play chess very well. 4. He knows a lot of people in the city. 5. Tom has an interesting job. 6. He has a lovely time in the country every weekend. 7. It is interesting for me to study English. 8. It's getting cold outside. 9. I shall help you, don't worry. 10. I have spoken to the chief. 11. Winter has come. 12. I enjoyed my holiday greatly. 13. I had a bath an hour ago. 14. I am deeply interested in this matter. 15. They got married last December.

Упражнение 18. Поставьте специальные вопросы к следующим предложениям, используя данные в скобках вопросительные слова:

 

1. I got up early this morning. (What time...?)

2. She lives rather far from here. (How far...?)

3. It's interesting work. (What kind of...?)

4. My friends live in America. (Where...?)

5. I am going to visit you next week. (When...?)

6. Sam is going to relax today. (What...?)

7. Can you give me some money? (How much...?)

8. I was born in 1980. (When...?)

9. Somebody phoned you. (Who...?)

10. She has a lot of books in her library. (Where...?)

13. Mike is waiting for his friend. (Who…?)

14. Russia and Canada are big countries. (What kind of...?)

15. There is some money in the box. (What...?)

Упражнение19. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам по об­разцу:

 

Образец: 1. She visits a dancing school. – Who visits a dancing school? What does she visit?

2. Mike is waiting for his friend. – Wh o is waiting for his friend? Who is Mike waiting for?

 

1. Nick saw an accident. 2. Sandra married John. 3. He reads a lot of newspapers, 4. She is talking to the guide. 5. Fleur sells flowers. 6. Tom thought about his problem. 7. I am going to order pizza. 8. The children visited the Zoo on Sunday. 9. They have passed the interview. 10. There are bright stars in the sky. 11. I don't like to play tennis. 12. She is looking at the sea. 13. The house needs painting. 14.Bobby is looking for a job. 15. He can't translate this fax.

Существительное (The Noun)

Существительные в английском языке обозначают предметы и вещества (a book, water), живые существа (a boy, an elephant), явления и отвлеченные понятия (peace, darkness). По значению имена существительные делятся на нарицательные и собственные. Имена нарицательные обозначают целые классы предметов: a table, a house, a day. Имена собственные являются именами или названиями единичных лиц и предметов. Имена собственные, а также названия дней недели, месяцев, праздников и национальностей пишутся с заглавной буквы (Peter, Ann, Monday, April, French, Christmas). Существительные в английском языке имеют два числа – единственное и множественное число, и только два падежа – общий и притяжательный падежи.

Образование множественного числа существительных

Основным способом образования множественного числа имён существительных является прибавление окончания -s или -es к форме существительного в единственном числе.

-s	-es
a bag – bags a cat – cats a rose – roses	a glass – glasses a fox – foxes a watch – watches a bush – bushes

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -y с предшествующей согласной, образуют множественное число путём прибавления окончания -es, причём - у меняется на -i. Например: a dictionary – dictionaries. baby – babies, fly – flies. Но: a boy – boys, a day – days (перед -у стоит гласная).

Некоторые имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -f, -fe, образуют множественное число путём изменения -f на - v и прибавлением окончания -es: half – halves, life – lives, thief – thieves, knife – knives, self – selves, wolf – wolves, leaf – leaves, shelf – shelves, wife – wives.

Но: roof – roofs, safe – safes, chief – chiefs, handkerchief – handkerchiefs

Надо помнить о том, что если существительное заканчивается на: -o, -ch, -sh, -ss или -x, множественное число образуется путем добавления окончания - es. Например: tomato (помидор) – tomatoes, church (церковь) – churches, bush (куст) – bushes, kiss (поцелуй) – kisses, box (коробка) – boxes. Обратите внимание на то, что, если слово иностранного происхождения оканчивается на - o, мы добавляем "s", например: kilo (килограмм) – kilos, photo (фотография) – photos, piano (рояль) – pianos, soprano (сопрано) – sopranos.