Различие герундия и причастия

Формы герундия совпадают с формами Participle I и Perfect Participle. Однако, это разные неличные формы глагола, отличающиеся и по значению и по синтаксическим функциям. Основная разница между ними в том, что Participle I больше похоже на прилагательное, но Gerund больше напоминает глагольное существительное. Поэтому они выполняют разные синтаксические функции: герундий используется как подлежащее и дополнение; причастие I никогда не имеет этих функций, оно является определением или обстоятельством.

Participle I: a driving man, a sleeping child, a running sportsman;

Gerund: driving- license, a sleeping-car, running shoes;

I don’t like provoking jokes. (Participle I - определение) Мне не нравятся провокационные шутки.

He enjoyed provoking her. (Gerund в функции дополнения) Ему нравилось провоцировать ее.

You are happy to have understanding parents. (Participle I -определение) Ты счастлива, что у тебя понимающие родители.

Understanding is a two way street. (Gerund как подлежащее) Понимание – это дорога с двусторонним движением.

Walking across the square I met an old friend of mine. (Participle I – обстоятельство времени) Проходя через площадь, я встретил одного старого друга.

You can win the game by practicing every day. (Gerund- обстоятельство условия) Ты сможешь выиграть игру при условии, что будешь тренироваться каждый день.

Различие герундия и инфинитива

Как герундий, так и инфинитив могут использоваться после определенной группы глаголов:

Advise, agree, allow, attempt, begin, continue, forget, hate, intend, leave, like, love, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, study, try, и др.

Разница в значении состоит в следующем: герундий имеет более общее значение (general meaning), а инфинитив относится к более конкретному случаю (some particular case).

I prefer staying at home to going to a cinema. (i.e. in general)

“Let’s go to the cinema tonight.”- “No, thanks. I prefer to stay at home today.” (i.e. on this particular occasion).

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Определите форму и функцию герундия в следующих предложениях. Переведите их на русский язык:

1. He finished speaking and sat down. 2. Stop arguing and start working. 3. The children prefer watching TV to reading books. 4. Walking is very useful. 5. I had no hope of meeting her here. 6. On seeing her parents the girl laughed. 7. He is thinking of leaving his job and going to America. 8. Did you hear of John's having been sent abroad? 9. She is looking forward to seeing the film so widely advertized. 10. I don't enjoy going to the dentist. 11. Grammar is the art of speaking, reading and writing.

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, употребив герундий:

 

1.There are a lot of ways of (сделать это). 2. What is your idea of (обсудить этот вопрос сейчас)? 3. Do you have the opportunity of (посетить выставку)? 4. The film is worth (посмотреть). 5. I don't like (напоминать ему об этом). 6. It's no use (плакать). 7. Do you remember (что они уже рассказывали об этом). 8. He is busy (подготовкой к докладу). 9. There was no other way of (предупредить его).

 

Упражнение 3. Преобразуйте предложения, употребив герундий вместо инфинитива; расширьте ситуацию:

Образец: I like to read. I like reading.

 

1. I like to skate. 2. I hate to read detective stories. 3. I think to send him a telegram. 4. I remember to tell you about it. 5. They stopped to smoke. 6. They prefer to stay at home in the evening. 7. He continued to speak to his friends. 8. He kept to talk about the events.

 

 

Упражнение 4. Употребите одну из форм герундия или инфинитива:

1. I wish (see) the manager. 2. It's no use (wait). 3. I'm looking forward to (see) you. 4. Don't forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed. 5. My mother told me (not, speak) to anyone about it. 6. He tried (explain) but she didn't want (listen). 7. Would you mind (show) me how the lift works? 8. I'm beginning (understand) what you mean. 9. The boys like (play) tennis but hate (do) lessons. 10. He surprised us all by (go) away without (say) "Good-bye". 11. Please, go on (write), I don't mind (wait). 12. The doctor advised him (give up) (smoke). 13. I prefer (drive) not to (be driven). 14. I advise you (start) (look) for a flat at once. 15. After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee left without (reach) any decision. 16. Most people prefer (spend) money to (earn) it. 17. It's not good for children (eat) too many sweets.

 

 

Упражнение 5. Gerund/ Infinitive. Вставьте глагол, данный в скобках, в нужной форме герундия или инфинитива:

1. I'm thinking of (go) to Brazil. 2. You cannot live without (do) such stupid things. 3. He isn't good at (drive) his car. 4. Try to avoid (lose) your temper. 5. He seems (know) everything about it. 6. It's no use (cry) over spilt milk. 7. Would you mind (repeat) your threat? 8. You should practise (say), "Red little lorry, yellow little lorry." 9. It's useless (argue) with him. He won't listen to any reason. 10. They were advised (take) a packed lunch. 11. Do you think it's worth (see) this film? 12. If you want (lose) weight, try (eat) less. 13. It's forbidden (smoke) here. 14. I'm not keen on (work) late. 15. I'm not very fond of (shop). 16. He managed (calm) her by promising to return soon. 17. Mary is crazy about (take) photographs. 18. In Arabia the usual way of (travel) is by camel. 19. You needed (add) some more sugar to that.

 

Упражнение 6. Gerund/ Infinitive. Поставьте глагол, данный в скобках, в нужной форме:

1. Why don't you stop (watch) TV? I don't think it's harm­less. 2. Please try (come) a little bit earlier next time. 3. I don't remember (see) Tom. 4. I've forgotten (buy) cheese. Let's go without it. 5. She regrets (tell) you that lie about John. 6. I don't think this work needs (correct). 7. They stopped (discuss) where to go now. 8. If you want to have a lot of money, try (rob) a bank. 9. The boys went on (look for) the money they'd lost. 10. I'll never forget (visit) Paris. 11. After describing the situation in general, he went on (talk) about details. 12. She regrets (say) she won't come to you. 13. Shall I help you (carry) that box? 14. Did you remember (say) good-bye to everybody? 15. He didn't need (be reminded) about his promise. 16. We can't help laughing (look) at them.

 

Упражнение 7. Образуйте герундий от данных глаголов и заполните пропуски в предложениях:

- do, swim, fly, play, run, try, travel, lie, get, ride;

1. She likes... every morning before breakfast. 2. After... my homework, I usually watch TV. 3. I enjoy... on the beach. 4. She doesn't like... with other children. 5.... is a fast way of.... 6. She likes sport, especially... horses and.... 7. After... several times, I finally passed my exams. 8. I lay in bed and thought about... up.

 

Упражнение 8. Закончите предложения, образовав герундий от глаголов и используя предлоги из списка:

- about, of, for, in, on, to, at, after, by, without:

1. We talked... (go) to France. 2. I look forward... (see) you again next year. 3. She's tired... (work) for the company. 4. I'm very happy... my parents (come) home. 5.... (open) the front door, I walked slowly through it. 6. We got into the house... (climb) through a window. 7. Are you interested... (join) the committee? 8. I'm looking forward... (work) with you. 9. I'm tired... (come) to the same place every week. 10. He's very keen... (swim) at the moment. 11. I'm worried Jane... (get) to the airport on time. 12. I'm not interested... (hear) your ex­cuses. 13. She's very good... (listen) to what people say. 14. This is used... (cut) metal. 15. The car drove off... (stop).

 

Упражнение 9. Перепишите предложения, начиная их с герундия. Возможно, вам нужно поменять некоторые слова:

 

l. A good way of keeping fit is to swim every day. (Swimming every day is a good way of keeping fit). 2. It takes a long time to learn a foreign language. 3. Clean the machine more often — that will solve your problems. 4. Grow your own food. It's less expensive. 5. Give up smok­ing: it will make you feel better. 6. It is cheaper to go by rail than by air. 7. You are not allowed to smoke here. 8. It's not very pleasant to be in hospital. 9. It's very difficult to windsurf in such weather. 10. It's more difficult to speak a foreign language than to read it. 11. It's forbidden to walk on the grass. 12. One thing I can't do is to swim on my back. 13. It's difficult to be polite to someone you don't like. 14. It's not easy to change money here on a Saturday. 15. It is impossible to park your car during office hours.

 

Упражнение 10. Перепишите предложения, употребляя герундий. Там, где это возможно, напишите два варианта(infinitive/gerund):

1. Do you like (make)... cakes? 2. I dislike (get up)... at seven o'clock in the morning. 3. I started (work)... here eight or nine years ago. 4. Do you prefer (travel)... by plane or by ship? 5. I hate (write)... «thank you» letters. 6. I gave up (drive) after I had a bad accident. 7. I miss (be)... able to visit my family. 8. I love (sit)... here by the sea in the evenings. 9.I think it's time to stop (play)... football. 10. What time did you finish (read)... last night? 11. Why don't you like (go)... to discos? 12. I think I'll start (pack)... my suitcase. 13. I enjoy (play)... tennis, but I don't like (watch)... it. 14. What time will you finish (study)... today? 15. I can't understand people who don't like (dance).... 16. We read this hovel last year. Do you remember (read)... it? 17. Don't ask me to pay the bill again. I clearly remem­ber (pay)... it a month ago. 18. He forgot (bring)... his pass­port. He left it on the table. 19. Stop (talk)..., I'm trying to finish the letter. 20. We stopped there (buy)... some bis­cuits. 21. I remember (meet)... him last year. 22.I must remember (meet)... him at the station tomorrow. 23. Did you remember (lock)... the door? - No, I'll go back and do it now. 24. Do you remember (post)... the letter? - Sure. I posted it in the letter-box near my house. 25. You should never forget (say)... «Thank you».

 

Упражнение 11. Переведите предложения; определите, где герундий или причастие:

 

1. The furniture is polished with loving care. 2. Camping is an ideal way of spending a holiday. 3. She found it frightening and exciting. 4. There was no sign of a dog, no barking. 5. Beyond everything he hated interfering women. 6. Some folks can look so busy doing nothing. 7. Dick was aroused by policeman’s touching him on the arm. 8. We met there once before crossing a bridge. 8. And from staring at the framed brightening light, she fell asleep. 9. Father Brown went on speaking in a level voice, sitting solidly with his elbows on the table. 10. Jenny arrived home around three-thirty, looking innocent of any wrongdoing. 11. They exchanged words of greeting and pleasure, talking partly in German and partly in English.

 

Упражнение 12. Употребите герундий или инфинитив:

 

1. (fly)... is really good fun. 2. We stopped at the mo­torway services (get)... something (eat).... 3. «What's this for?» — «It's for (cook)... vegetables. 4. I can't get used to (get up)... before the dawn. 5. I'm sorry about (not invite)... you. 6. There's a lot of work (do)... on the new building. 7. I really love (play)... with the children. 8. (swim)... is a good form of exercise. 9. There are some very interesting things (see)... in the British Museum. 10. You're lucky you haven't got a child (look after). 11. We managed (pass)... the exam by (copy)... each other's answers. 12. Dave decided (not phone)... Sheila for a week or two. 13 I can't stand (do)... the washing-up. 14. I think I'm going to give up (play)... football. 15. It really is time (go) 16. I've decided (not stay)... here for another year. 17. I know the keys are here: I remember (put them down)... somewhere. 18. We were getting tired, so we stopped (have)... lunch. 19. I tried (add)... some salt, but it didn't help. 20. I'm looking forward to (see)... the programme. 21. I went home (check)... that the children were all right. 22. You're much too young (go)... in there. 23. I was sur­prised (not hear)... about the new baby. 24. We're very keen on (join)... the team. 25. It was a very odd thing (say).... 26. We decided (not stay)... until the end of the film. 27. I miss (be able)... to see my parents every day. 28. They wouldn't let me (sit)... in the driving-seat. 29. It's your last chance (say)... you're sorry. 30. We agreed (not do)... any more work.

 

Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, используя инфинитив или герундий:

 

1.Майк отрицает, что видел Джейка в кино. 2. Он заслуживает, чтобы его наказали. 3. Ему удалось доп­лыть до берега. 4. Он решил не покупать билета. 5. Я надеюсь вскоре с вами увидеться. 6. Он притворялся, что он богат. 7. Майк отказался платить по счёту. 8. Я рекомендую отправиться туда завтра утром. 9. Джон получил удовольствие от просмотра фильма. 10. Я обе­щаю дать вам знать, как только решу. 11. Он отказался ехать на машине. 12. Я намеревался позвонить вам ут­ром. 13.Джейк имел в виду поехать туда после обеда. 14. Мэри практикуется в игре на пианино в течение лет. 15. Я сожалею, что пропустил этот спектакль. 16. Я запрещаю оставаться в комнате после полуночи. 17. С нетерпением жду, когда увижу вас. 18. Он настаи­вал на том, чтобы пойти туда всем вместе. 19. Я рассчи­тываю на то, чтобы поехать в вашей машине. 20. Я не могу не взять ещё одно яблоко.

 

 

Упражнение 14. Употребите одну из неличных форм: инфинитив, герундий, причастие:

1. He offered (lend) me the money. I didn't like (take) it but I had no other way out. 2. What was in the letter? I don't know. I did not want (open) it as it wasn't addressed to me. 3. Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait). 4. He heard the clock striking seven and knew it was time for him (get) up. 5. I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door. 6. Did you advise him (go) to the police? - No, I didn't like (give) any advice on such a difficult matter. 7. I'm not used to (drive) on the left. 8. It's pleasant (sit) by the fire at night and (hear) the wind (blow) outside. 9. It's no use (write) to him, he never answers letters. The only thing (do) is (go) and (see) him. 10. Ask him (come) in. Don't keep him (stand) at the door.

 

Наклонение (Mood)

Наклонение - это грамматическая категория, выражающая устанавливаемое говорящим отношение действия к действительности. Говорящий может рассматривать действие как факт или событие реальной действительности (изъявительное наклонение (the Indicative Mood) или рассматривать действие как предположительное, нереальное, воображаемое, желательное действие (сослагательное наклонение (the Subjunctive Mood). Просьба, приказ, побуждение к действию, адресуемые обычно к собеседнику, передаются с помощью повелительного наклонения (the Imperative Mood).

Повелительное наклонение (The Imperative Mood)

Повелительное наклонение выражает просьбу или приказание, обращенное к подразумеваемому второму лицу единственного или множественного числа. Оно образуется от инфинитива без частицы to.

Go to the blackboard! Иди(те) к доске! Come into the room. Зайди в комнату. Don’t go to the forest! Не ходи(те) в лес!

При обращении к другим лицам употребляется глагол let, за которым следует соотсветствующее существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже и инфинитив без частицы to:

Let the child take the toys. Пустьребенок возьмет игрушки. Let him come in. Пусть он войдет! Do not (don’t) let him come in! Пусть он не входит!

 

Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)

В русском языке сослагательное наклонение выражается сочетанием глагола в форме прошедшего времени с частицей "бы" и имеет только одну форму, которая может относиться к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему: Если бы я закончил работу, я смог бы проводить Вас на вокзал сегодня (завтра, вчера).

В английском языке имеются аналитические и синтетические формы сослагательного наклонения. Аналитическая форма - это сочетание глаголов should или would с инфинитивом (Indefinite Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive) без частицы to.

I would be glad to meet you again. Я бы был рад увидеть тебя снова.

She would never agree to it. Она бы никогда не согласилась с этим.

A true friend would never fail you. Верный друг никогда бы не подвел тебя. (would + Indefinite Infinitive).

He demanded that the car should be repaired. Он потребовал, чтобы машина была отремонтирована (should + Indefinite Infinitive).

He would have come then. Он бы пришёл тогда. I would have closed the window long ago. Я бы давно закрыл окно. (would+Perfect Infinitive).

Синтетические формы сослагательного наклонения всех глаголов совпадают с формами изъявительного наклонения в настоящем времени без окончания -s в 3-м лице единственного числа (he ask); за исключением глагола to be: глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа.

If you came earlier, you should speak to him. Если бы вы пришли раньше, вы бы поговорили с ним.

If I were a parent, Iwouldn’t punishmy children. Если бы я был родителем, я бы не наказывал своих детей.

She would play tennis if it were not so hot. Она бы играла в теннис, если бы не было так жарко.