Grammar: Past Perfect – Минулий доконаний час (1)

had + Past Participle (V3 / Ved)

 

Минулий доконаний час виражає дію в минулому, яка сталася до іншої дії в минулому.

The plane had already left when we arrived at the airport. – Літак вже злетів, коли ми приїхали в аеропорт.

 

Якщо події в реченні або тексті подані не в хронологічному порядку, минулий доконаний час допомагає визначити, яка з дій сталася першою.

 

Дія 2 Дія 1
When we got home, John had cooked a meal. – Коли ми прийшли додому, Джон (вже) приготував їжу.

 

Порівняйте вживання минулого простого і минулого доконаного часів у наступних реченнях.

When we arrived, Anna made some coffee. (Спочатку ми приїхали, а потім Анна зробила каву.)

When we arrived, Anna had made some coffee. (Анна зробила каву до того, як ми приїхали.)

Ex.1. Choose the correct variant:

1 He established/had established his business in 2001. 2 I was late for the company meeting because I missed/had missed the 6 o'clock bus. 3 She entered the University after she graduated/had graduated from the business school. 4 We arrived late at the stadium and the football match had started/started. 5 When we came back to the hall, the guests left/had left. 6 Her face was familiar, I met/had met her at the university before. 7 Most of the delegates arrived/had arrived by the time I got there. 8 The general manager reported that our company had/had had a successful year. 9 Before these two companies merged, their profit was/had been very low. 10 The plane left/had left when we arrived at the airport.

 

Ex.2. Complete the sentences using the Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple form of the verbs in brackets:

 

1 He already (work) in business before he (join) our company. 2 We (win) a controlling share of the company before they (go) out of business. 3 They just (start) their business when we worked out a programme of restructuring. 4 As soon as this company (be privatized) their expenditures increased. 5 After they (invest) in this business, our share prices (go) up. 6 They (decide) to work together and (form) a joint venture. 7 As soon as our business (expand) we (begіn) to buy shares in other companies. 8 Several years ago these two companies (form) a joint venture but they (remain) separate legal entities. 9 The regulations (change) before we (take) over this company. 10 When they (make a bid) for a computer company they (be) ready to buy it at that price. 11 They (fire) him before he (have) a chance to explain anything.

 

Ex.3. Correct the mistakes where necessary:

 

1 We met many times and reached an agreement at last. 2 When had you heard about the takeover? 3 We decided to replace our equipment because it became old. 4 Before he became bankrupt he sold most of his shops. 5 We did a lot of work with our clients before the board of directors introduced new regulations. 6 The business had undergone major reorganization by the end of the year. 7 After we had introduced new technology our business had become more efficient and profitable. 8 Before he invested in this business he studied the financial statement carefully. 9 It had been one of the most reliable companies in the service sector. 10 He developed his business plan better than we had expected.

 

Human Resources

 

skills job title define (v) personal assistant authority executive   workforce supervisor

навички назва професії визначати секретар-референт керівництво, влада керівник, адміністратор, службовець робоча сила інспектор; керівник персоналу (на підприємстві); контролер

on the payroll   payroll monthly-paid / weekly-paid / hourly-paid staff   white-collar worker manual worker blue-collar worker colleague/co-worker

в штатному складі (підприємства) платіжна відомість персонал, який отримує заробітну платню щомісячно / щотижнево / погодинно службовець робітник фізичної праці робітник колега, співробітник

 

"Human Resources" means people, plus the skills and experience they bring to an organization. Job titles such as "Accounts Manager" or "Personal Assistant" define what people do.

An employer is a person or company that provides job. Boss is an informal word meaning "someone in authority", for example an employer or owner of a company, or simply someone in a superior position.

The person who runs a specific part of an organization is called a manager. An executive is usually a

manager at quite a high level. People at the head of an organization, as it was already mentioned, are senior executives, top executives or top managers. Someone who is in charge of making sure a job is well done e.g. on the factory floor, or in retailing, is sometimes called a supervisor.

People working for a company are referred to as its workforce, employees, staff or personnel and are on its payroll.

Payrollis the list of all the people employed by a company, and the amount of money paid to each of them. The payroll is usually divided into monthly-paid staff, weekly-paid staff and hourly-paid staff.

Professionals or people with office jobs are white-collar workers, while manual workers in factories, on building sites, etc. are called blue-collar workers. Someone who works with you in your job is a colleague (sometimes called a co-worker).

 

1 What does "Human Resources" mean? 2 Who is an employer? 3 Who is an executive? 4 Who is at the head of an organization? 5 Whom do we call "boss"? 6 What is workforce? 7 Where do white-collar workers work? 8 What do blue-collar workers do? 9 What is a supervisor in charge of? 10 What is a payroll? 11 What is a payroll usually divided into? 12 What do managers usually run?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

specific manual provide workforce colleague define authority owner

 

give co-worker definite physical possessor personnel specify power

 

2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a person who works for another person or an organization in return for wages; 2) a person who is employed to control, organize and direct part or all of a business or organization; 3) (informal) a person who is responsible for the work of a company, a department or at least one other person; 4) a person with authority who watches others work to

make sure a job is done properly; 5) a list of all the people employed by a company, and the amount of money paid to each of them; 6) the (official) power to give orders, make decisions, etc.; 7) a person that you work with in a profession or business; 8) an employee who does unskilled work, usually in a factory; 9) a person who works in an office; 10) all the employees in an office or factory; 11) a manager in a company who has the power to spend money, hire and fire employees.

 

3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

authority, executive, skills, payroll(2), supervisor, workforce, colleagues, blue-collar / white-collar workers

 

1 The new salary structure only affects.... 2 Health and safety regulations state that all... must wear a uniform. 3 Many of his... are more qualified than he is. 4 The... has been reduced by half in the last five years. 5 If you have any problems please talk to your.... 6 She has been on the... for nearly 20 years. 7 I have no... to change decisions taken by management. 8 She has excellent advertising.... 9 She is an... with a bank. 10 The company has over 1000 people on its....

 

4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (to (4), on (2), in (5), as, at, of, by)

 

1 The company's owner granted each manager authority to spend up... $ 10,000...travel. 2 We hired him and put him... the payroll. 3 The workforce... this area is well-educated. 4 My colleagues... the office agree... this proposal. 5 Most blue-collar workers... the USA do not belong... unions. 6 He got a white-collar job... a computer programmer. 7 She is the boss... the publishing company. 8 She has years... experience... marketing. 9 Large corporations try to develop their human resources... giving educational programs. 10 She is senior... the others... the company because she has worked here the longest.

 

5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: employer - employee

 

1 The company has 1200..... 2 She asked her ….. for a pay rise. 3 The steel works used to be the largest ….. in the town. 4 She is an ….. of this company. 5 My ….. is United Chemical. 6 All the company's ….. are encouraged to take part in training courses. 7 Philips is an equal opportunities ….. 8 I'll have a word with my ….. about leaving early this afternoon. 9 We cannot afford to lose skilled …..10 There

are plenty of seasonal..... in the tourists industry.

 

GRAMMAR: Past Perfect Simple (2)

had + V3 (Ved)

We use the Past Perfect Simple:

*to talk about an action or event in the past that happened before another action in the past. The second action in the past is in the Past Simple:

He had abandoned his business by the time I arrived in this city.

*to talk about an action or event in the past that happened before a definite time in the past:

I had never been to London until this year.

*to give a reason for a past event or action: He didn't come because he had missed the train.

 

1 Make sentences from the chart:

A	В	C	D
1. I couldn't answer the questions 2. I was hungry 3. My mother was worried 4. I was late 5. I was pleased 6. I was nervous during the flight 7. My father was furious 8. I was tired	because I	had   hadn't	crashed his car. passed my driving test. got stuck in a traffic jam. flown in a plane before. slept badly. revised for the exam. been in touch for a long time. eaten all day.

 

2 Put numbers in the brackets to show the order in which each action happened:

 

1. I went to bed () after I'd had a bath () and brushed my teeth ().

2. When I arrived at John's house (), he had made a cake () and done the washing-up ().

3. When I arrived at John's house (), he made us a cup of tea ().

4. My stomach-ache disappeared () after I'd taken some medicine ().

5. When we got to the theatre (), the play had started () and all the seats had been taken ().

6. Paul had supper (), then went to sit in his living room (). He felt miserable (). It had been an awful day()

7. Paul sat in his armchair () and thought about the day (). He had got up late (), and then in the evening, his girlfriend had left him (). He decided it was time for bed ().

 

3 Put the verbs in brackets one in the Past Simple and one in the Past Perfect:

1 He _________ (die) after he _________ (be) ill for a long time.

2 They _________ (thank) her for everything she _________ (do).

3 When I got to the office, I _________ (realize) that I _________ (forget) to lock the front door.

4 When they _________ (finish) their work, they _________ (go) home.

5 I _________ (call) you at 8.00, but you _______just _______ (go) out.

6 I took my family to Paris last year. I _______ (be) there as a student, so I _______ (know) my way around.

7 When І _________ (listen) to the news, I _________ (go) to bed.

 

4 Open the brackets using Past Perfect or Past Simple:

 

1. On my way to college I (realize) that I (leave) my report at home. 2. All my friends (be) glad to hear that I (pass) all the exams successfully. 3. By the time we (come) to see him, he (return) home. 4. During the holidays my friend (visit) the village where he (live) in his childhood. 5. When they (enter) the hall, the performance already (begin). 6. Where you (work) before you (enter) the institute? 7. She (think) that Gerry and Lisa (quarrel). 8. Suddenly he (remember) that he (not ring) her up in the morning. 9. By the time the train (reach) the city, he (make) friends with many passengers. 10. He (study) Spanish before he (enter) the university.

 

5 Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense:

 

1. Представник фірми вже підписав контракт, коли вони припинили постачання сировини. 2. Ми вже відправили звіт компанії, коли вона помітила деякі помилки. 3. Персонал компанії вже обрав нового президента, коли він зателефонував. 4. До того як ми з'єднали наші компанії, цей бізнес був збитковим. 5. До кінця минулого року вони вже створили декілька спільних підприємств. 6. До кінця вересня ціни зросли вдвічі. 7. Він запізнився на конференцію, тому що не встиг на перший автобус. 8. Вона вже завершила підготовку до щорічного звіту, коли менеджер викликав її у свій офіс. 9. Ми вже розпочали роботу над нашим спільним проектом, коли він залишив компанію. 10. Його бізнес став дуже прибутковим після того, як він запросив нового консультанта.