Grammar: Present Perfect – Теперішній доконаний час (1)

 

have / has + Past Participle (V3 / Ved)

 

+	I have read this book twice.	Я читала цю книгу двічі.
-	She hasn’t done her homework.	Вона не виконала домашню роботу.
?	Have you ever been to Egypt?	Ти коли-небудь був у Єгипті?

 

Теперішній доконаний час пов’язує минулу дію або стан з теперішнім. Цей час ніби оглядається з теперішнього в минулий і виражає події, що сталися до теперішнього моменту.

I ’ve met a lot of famous people. (раніше) – Я зустрічав багато відомих людей.

He’s lived here all his life. (до цього часу, а може і у майбутньому) – Він живе тут усе своє життя.

 

Теперішній доконаний час використовується для вираження:

• дії в минулому. Нам цікавий досвід як частина чийогось життя і неважливо, коли саме сталася дія.

Have you ever been in a car crash? – Ви коли-небудь потрапляли в автокатастрофу?

My mother has never flown in a plane. – Моя мати ніколи не літала літаком.

• дії або стану, які почалися в минулому і все ще тривають.

We ’ve lived here for two years. – Ми живемо тут два роки (протягом двох років).

I ’ve had a car since I left school. – У мене була машина з того часу, як я закінчив школу.

Ex.1. Divide the expressions in the box into those which talk about present and those which talk about past. Choose any two expressions from each list and write sentences about your own educational experience.

last Monday, this year, for the last two hours, last September, when I was a child, in March, since January, at Christmas, last week, since I entered the college, lately, a week ago, this month, in the last few days

Ex.2. Choose the correct variant:

1 He published/has published a new book twice already. 2 I never was/have been to Italy, but I have gone/went to England last May. 3 I sent /have sent them an e-mail this week. 4 Did you register/Have you registered your ticket yet? 5 The plane from Paris has landed/landed an hour ago. 6 How many schools did/have you studied in? 7 The shop never made/has made any money. 8 Did it stop/Has it stopped snowing yet? 9 He was/has been in his office since early morning. 10 Mary called/has called her employer yesterday. 11 I answered/have answered three letters so far. 12 She was/has been away on business since last Monday.

Ex.3. Complete these sentences using the Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple:

1 People (begin) to watch TV about 50 years ago. 2 I am looking for Tom. You (see) him? I (see) him last week, but not today. 3 When I was a child, I never (eat) cheese. 4 He (organize) his sole proprietorship this year. 5 This morning I (take) a little walk. 6 We (be) to our main office since 7.30. 7 I (know) the owner of this company all my life. 8 The company (change) a lot lately. 9 It (not rain) here for weeks. 10 She (be) a regular investor in my business. 11 How long you (be) in your current job? 12 He (have) several jobs since he left our company.

Ex.4. Correct the mistakes where necessary:

1 Your fax has arrived three days ago. 2 I haven't been to the office since Sunday. 3 Has anyone seen my car keys? 4 I’ve passed my driving test. 5 I already had four cups of coffee today, and it's only lunchtime! 6 I’ve been to most countries of Africa but I never visited Congo. 7 He’s passed his exams last May. 8 He was

busy all this week. 9 There’s a lot of work to do recently. 10 Computers have become very important lately.

Ex.5. Translate into English:

1 Вона завжди давала мені багато корисних порад в бізнесі. 2 Ми не бачили його вже 2 роки. 3 Я щойно заплатив йому за цю роботу. 4 Я щойно прочитав звіт наших партнерів. 5 Ви не одержали від нього жодного листа, чи не так? 6 Він надіслав нам ці документи позавчора. 7 Невже він повідомив вам цю новину? 8 У мене був вільний час і я продивився ваш контракт. 9 Твої друзі принесли тобі багато квітів і подарунків. 10 Його стаття була надрукована в нашому журналі. 11 Ми обговорили план співробітництва з цією фірмою дві години тому. 12 Вони інвестували в мій бізнес велику кількість грошей.

 

Business Relationship

subsidiary   parent company     holding company hold(v) stake

дочірня компанія, підконтрольна компанія, філія компанія-засновник; компанія, що володіє контрольним пакетом акцій іншої компанії холдингова компанія володіти частка (капіталу), акція

sister company conglomerate joint venture separate legal entity consortium undertake (a project)   carry out

сестринська компанія конгломерат спільне підприємство окрема юридична особа консорціум розпочинати, здійснювати (проект) виконувати, здійснювати

 

As businesses expand they may buy shares in other companies, or join with other companies for a particular purpose. There are different relationships these companies can have with one another.

A groupis a number of subsidiary companies operating under one leading company – the parent company. A subsidiary is a company half or wholly owned by another company (the parent company).

A holding company is one that holds all, or more than half of, the stakes in one or more subsidiaries. It is the leading company in a group.A holding company's relationship to its subsidiaries is that of parent company, and the subsidiaries' relationship to each other is that of sister companies.

A conglomerate is a group consisting of a lot of different companies in different businesses run as one large company.

When two or more companies decide to work together, they form a joint venture. In such cases, the two companies involved remain separate legal entities.

A consortium is a group of companies which come together to undertake a project which any one of the members cannot carry out alone.

 

1 Describe the types of relationships that companies can have with one another. 2 What is a group? 3 Is a subsidiary owned by another company? 4 What is a holding company? 5 What is a conglomerate? 6 Under what circumstances is a joint venture formed? 7 Why do companies unite into a consortium?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

consist stock separate carry out operate holding company hold decide remain

 

stay parent company different from make up one's mind share fulfil function be composed of own

 

2 The words in the box frequently occur after "company". Find combinations that mean:

 

1) the leading company of a group that holds all or more than half of the shares of the other companies and usually controls other companies; 2) one of two or more organizations that are part of the same group; 3) a business formed by a group of people using money provided by them all; 4) a company of which at least half the share capital is owned by another company, called a parent or holding company; 5) a company whose shares are recorded on the

main market of a stock exchange;

6) a company whose members are only responsible for its debts up to a limited amount; 7) a company that offers the same or better goods and services as another and therefore competes for the same customers.

 

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:

 

1) a connection between ideas, people or things; 2) the leading company in a group; 3) a holding company together with any subsidiary companies in which it owns more than half of the share capital; 4) a business activity in which two or more people or organizations work together; 5) a sum of money invested in a

business; 6) a number of companies, sometimes involved with different products, joined together and run as one large company; 7) a temporary association of two or more companies for a major project that is too complex for any of them to do alone; 8) allowed or required by law.

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

Undertake, remained, holds, relationship, joint venture, sister, stake, holding, subsidiary (2), conglomerate, separate

 

1 One of the oldest breweries has now joined an international... of drinks manufacturers. 2 There are now five... companies in the group. Each... company trades under its own name. 3 The businessman formed a... company to control all his assets. 4 They have a 25%... in the business. 5 Our... company may share some of the advertising costs with US. 6 An American and a German auto maker agreed to form a......to build trucks. 7 Those two companies have a close working.... 8 She... stocks of 12 companies. 9 This product has... popular for many years. 10 The company will... the building of a large warehouse. 11 The cost of making the product and the cost of selling it are two... issues.

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (into, for (2), of (4), with, in (7), by (2), because of)

1 The group's shares fell...10 %...a fall in the home market. 2 Our parent company has its HQ... Finland. 3 Nestle Corporation,... its many branches and subsidiaries, is one... the world's largest food manufacturers. 4 Multinational corporations now operate... every sector... industry. 5 Philip Morris is a holding company which owns several major American companies... the tobacco and food industries. 6 Warner Bros is an entertainment conglomerate that produces television programmes... broadcasting all over the world. 7 Japanese and US firms... the textile industry continue to enter... joint ventures... India. 8 The hotel was finally rescued... a consortium... local business owners. 9 I work... a construction company which has a lot... contracts... other countries. 10 The partners... a joined venture agree to control and manage the business together.

GRAMMAR: Present Perfect Simple (2)

have / has + V3 (Ved)

 

We use the Present Perfect Simple:

*for the action or situation which is finished: We have painted the whole house.

*for recent actions or events in the past that have a result in the present: You have broken the window!

*for actions or situations that began in the past and continue in the present: Windsor Castle has been a royal residence since the 11th century.

Time expressions: for, since, just, already, yet, this morning (week), recently, lately, never, ever.

1 Choose the correct verb form:

1. Have you ever seen/did you ever see a rock concert? 2. I saw/have seen the Rolling Stones last year. 3. I love rock and roll I like/have liked it all my life. 4. The Stones' concert has been/was excellent. 5. І have bought/bought all their records after the concert. 6. How long have you known/do you know Peter? 7. I know him/have known him since we were at school together. 8. When did you get/have you got married to him? 9. We have been/are together for over ten years, and we have got/got married eight years ago.

2 Put for or since into each gap. a. ____ two weeks b. ____ half an hour c. ____ August d. ____ 9.15 e. ____ I was ten

f. ___ a long time g. ___ 3 March h. ___ ages i. ___ the beginning of term j. ___ a couple of days

 

3 Make sentences about the following people:

1) Alice is a journalist. (meet/a lot of famous people; not be/on television) 2) Robert Swan is an explorer. (be/North Pole; see/polar bears; never/get lost) 3) Bill and Sophie are unemployed. (not have/a job for six months; not have/a holiday since Christmas; not be/the cinema for a year) 4) Sue is a tennis player. (play/since she was six; not win/a senior competition; never play/at Wimbledon)

 

4 Answer the questions about you. Use short answers. Have you ever ...

...been to Mexico / tried Chinese food / forgotten to do the homework / made your teacher angry with you?

 

5 Put for or since into each gap. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

a) I haven't seen Keith_____a while. b) He's been in China_____January. c) Jack works for KMP. He has worked for them_____several years. d) He and his wife have lived next to me_____their son, Denny, was born. e) І have known them_____many years. f) We’ve been friends_____we were at university together. g) His wife, Carrie, is a designer. She has had her own studio_____six months. h) I’m looking after Tom today. He's been at my house _____8.00 this morning.

 

6 Ask these people questions about their experiences:

 

1 a racing driver - have an accident? 2 an explorer - get lost? 3 an actress - forget your words? 4 a mountaineer - climb Mount Everest? 5 a window cleaner - fall off your ladder? 6 a pop singer - have a number one song? 7 an electrician - have an electric shock?

 

7 Open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

1 Sorry I’m late – I (miss) the bus. 2 We (live) here all our lives. 3 What they (tell) you? 4 She (have) a headache since morning. 5 You (ask) her yet? 6 I (not know) her very long. 7 He (be) a singer since childhood. 8 She (not do) her homework again! 9 Anybody (see) Jane this morning? 10 I (be) to France and Italy but I never (be) to Greece. 11 You (have) your breakfast yet?

 

Companies’ Restructuring

restructure market profitable combine merge (v) merger controlling share     acquire / make an acquisition take over

реорганізовувати ринок прибутковий об'єднуватися зливатися, об'єднуватися злиття, об'єднання частка в капіталі компанії, яка забезпечує контроль за її діяльністю придбати   поглинати (компанію)

hostile takeover   willingly   make a bid (for smth) buyout   divest of / pull out abandon efficient

одержання контролю над компанією проти бажання її керівництва (вороже поглинання) охоче; добровільно, без примусу робити пропозицію викуп контрольного пакету акцій відмовлятися від участі залишати ефективний

In the world of business we can often see changes to the structure of companies and groups of companies. As a rule companies join with or buy other companies in order to have better control of a particular market, to diversify their business, to strengthen their operations or to remain profitable. When two companies combine, they merge to form one company in an agreement known as a merger.

To buy another company or to win a controlling share of a company is to acquire a business, make an acquisition or take over a company. There are two types of takeover: a hostile takeover is a situation in which a company is bought out when the owners do not want to sell. A friendly takeovertakes place when a company is willingly bought out. When someone wants to buy a company they have to make a bid for it, i.e. offer to buy it at a certain price.

A buyout is a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company or a particular part of it by buying all or most of its shares.

If a company sells a business, it divests itself of that business. If you pull out of a business activity, you abandon it, perhaps as part of a programme of restructuring: reorganizing a business in order to make it more efficient and profitable.

1 Why do companies join with or buy other companies? 2 What happens when companies combine? 3 What does "making an acquisition" mean? 4 What types of takeover exist in business? 5 What is the difference between a hostile and a friendly takeover? 6 What do you have to do when you want to buy a company? 7 What is a buyout? 8 Why do businessmen restructure their business?

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

see buy aim staff make an acquisition enter new types of businesses win share hostile takeover bid pull out

stop participating acquire observe purchase purpose gain stock diversify offer to sell something at a certain price unfriendly takeover personnel

2 The words in the box frequently occur before "market". Find combinations that mean: 1) the illegal economy, not approved by a government; 2) the situation of buying and selling goods for personal use, not for resale; 3) a place where raw materials and some manufactured goods are bought and sold; 4) any market where there is a lot of buying and selling; 5) a place where deals are made relating to the long-term investment needed by businesses;

6) a market where certain securities are plentiful and prices are low because there are few buyers; 7) a market where foreign currencies are traded; 8) a market where conditions are good for the buyer; 9) a market where conditions are good for the seller; 10) a financial market at which the value of stocks and bonds goes down; 11) a situation in a financial market where prices are rising and lots of shareholders are buying.

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a business or part of a business taken over or bought by another company; 2) a person who saw something and can tell about it;3) the buying of one company or most of the shares in it, by a person or another company; 4) (in business) combining two companiesinto one larger company; 5) an offer to sell something at a certain price;6) the

amount of money for which something can be bought or sold; 7) the purchase of a controlling interest in business; 8) the workers or employees of an organization; 9) a situation where a person or an organization owns enough shares (usually more than 50%) in a company to say how it should be run.

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

the market, to merge, the merger, acquisition, a takeover, a bid, price, a purchase, a staff, profitable, abandoned

1 This deal should be highly.... 2 We have... of twenty. 3 Choose carefully before making.... 4 We can't afford to buy the computer at that.... 5 Our company made... to sell coffee beans at $ 10 per pound. 6 The family will never sell more than 49 per cent of the shares; they don't want any possibility of.... 7 The software company's... of Acme Company will help it compete in the hardware market. 8 The directors of both companies met to discuss the terms of.... 9 The two insurance companies have agreed.... 10 We... the project because it was too expensive. 11... determines what goods are made.

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (5), to, for (3), as, in (4), by, over, into, between, about)

1 Rumours... a takeover led... a sharp rise in the company's share price. 2 The company has launched a bid... a hostile takeover... its main rival in the sector. 3... a result... the friendly takeover... Eastern Foods Ltd, we can witness a substantial increase... earnings. 4 His company makes a bid... Telecom Spain. 5 Santrix Corporation was taken......Chesterton Corporation two years ago. 6 Making an acquisition... the computer industry will greatly improve the company's position... the market. 7 Many American banks have merged... the last 5 years. 8 Talks... a merger... Daimler and Chrysler caused speculation... job security. 9 The staff signed a birthday card... me. 10 Two banks underwent a merger and combined... one huge operation.