Grammar: Майбутній доконаний час – Future Perfect

Simple: will have + V3 / Ved

Continuous: will have been + Ving

+ ? - I will have worked etc will you have worked? etc she will not have worked etc   Future Perfect пов’язує майбутню подію з визначеним часом у майбутньому.

 

Майбутній доконаний час виражає дію, яку буде завершено до певного моменту в майбутньому.

Ми не знаємо напевне, коли саме станеться дія, нам лише відомо, що вона закінчиться до певного часу.

 

The builder says he 'll have finished the roof by Friday. – Будівельник каже, що закінчить дах до п’ятниці.

She won't have completed the job until tomorrow night. – Вона не завершить роботу до завтрашнього вечора.

Цей час можна назвати «минуле в майбутньому». Ми використовуємо майбутній доконаний тривалий час, щоб сказати, як довго щось буде тривати до певного моменту в майбутньому.

 

Next Christmas I ’ll have been teaching fortwenty years. – Наступного Різдва виповниться двадцять років, як я викладаю (я викладатиму (вже) двадцять років).

1 Use the future perfect (simple or continuous) to put the beginnings and ends together:

BEGINNINGS	ENDS
I (not finish) the report by Monday,	and we'll be able to get a smaller house.
In a couple of years the children (leave) home	and it's needed for Monday morning.
On our next wedding anniversary	I (drive) for fourteen hours nonstop.
When I get home tonight	I (work) for forty years.
When I retire	we (be) married for twenty-five years.

 

2 A romantic novelist writes 300-page books. She writes ten pages a day, and takes no holidays. Use the future perfect to answer the questions:

 

1 How many pages will she have written after ten days? After a month? After a year? After ten years?

2 If she starts today, how soon will she have finished her first book? How many books will she have written a year from now?

3 How long will she have been writing when she has written 120 books?

4 She earns £100,000 per book. How much money will she have made altogether after her 120th book?

 

3 Complete the following sentences with a verb in the Future Perfect Simple or Continuous:

 

1 By the year 2020, many cities …………………………… (double) in size. 2 By the year 2100, world population …………………………… (rise) to more than six billion. 3 We …………………………… (use up) many of the world's natural resources. 4 Hopefully, we …………………………… (discover) alterna-tive sources of energy. 5 Robots …………………………… (replace) people for many boring jobs. 6 Per-haps we …………………………… (find) a way to secure world peace. 7 Scientists ………………………

…… (learn) to control the weather. 8 By 2025 we …………………………… (live) in London for 14 years. 9 He ……………………….. (write) a book by the end of the week. 10 He ………………………………… (write) this book for 3 months by the end of this week. 11 …………………………… (you finish) this project by the next week? 12 We ………………………………… (be married) a year on June 25th.

4 Answer the questions about you. What will you have done…

- by the end of this lesson?

- by 8 o’clock this evening?

- by the end of this week?

- by next autumn?

- by the time you are 30?

 

THE ECONOMY

 

economy - господарство; економіка factors of production - чинники виробництва opportunity costs - оптимальні витрати economics - економіка (як наука) production possibilities - виробничі можливості input – витрати

law of increasing opportunity costs - закон зростання оптимальних витрат economic growth - економічне зростання market mechanism - ринковий механізм available – доступний output – випуск продукціі, продуктивність

The economy is for us. «The economy» is an abstraction that refers to the sum of all our individual production and consumption activities. To produce anything, we need resources, or factors of production. Factors of production are the inputs – land, labour, and capital (buildings and machinery) we use to produce final goods and services (output). Unfortunately, the quantity of available resources is limited. We cannot produce everything we want in the quantities we desire. Resources are scarce relative to our desires. This fact forces us to make difficult choices. Economics is often defined as the study of how to allocate scarce resources.

Opportunity costs exist in all situations where there are not enough available resources to satisfy all our desires. Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of final goods and services that could be produced in a given time period with all available resources and technology. According to the law of increasing opportunity costs we must give up everincreasing quantities of other goods and services in order to get more of a particular good. Economic growth is an increase in output; an expansion of production possibilities.

Over time the quantity of resources available for production has also increased. Each year our population grows a bit, enlarging the number of potential workers. Our stock of capital equipment has increased even faster. In addition the quality of our labor and capital resources has improved, as a result of more education (labour) and better machinery (capital).

Market mechanism is the use of market prices and sales to signal desired outputs (or resource allocations). The essential feature of the market mechanism is the price signal. If you want something and have enough money, you buy it. If many people do the same thing, the total sales of that product will rise, and its price may rise as well. Producers, seeing sales and prices rise, will be inclined to increase production.

I. Give English equivalents of the following:

згідно з законом зростання оптимальних витрат; важлива особливість ринкового механізму; кількість наявних ресурсів обмежена; відмовлятися від можливості; бути змушеним робити вибір; випускати кінцевий товар; задовольняти бажання; розподіляти ресурси

II. Fill in the gaps with available resources; inputs; final goods; market prices; production; output

1 Factors of production are the... – land, labour and capital we use to produce final goods and services (...). 2 Unfortunately the quantity of... is limited. 3 Production possibilities are the alternative combinations of... and services. 4 Over time the quantity of resources available for... has also increased. 5 Market mechanism is the use of... and sales to signal desired outputs.

III. Answer the questions:

1 What is «the economy»? 2 What do you need to produce the textbook and what are these inputs called? 3 Why do we have to choose among goods? 4 How is economics often defined? 5 What do we call the law according to which we must give up everincreasing quantities of other goods and services to get more of a particular good? 6 What are the essentials of the market mechanism?

IV. Translate into English:

1 Економічна наука вивчає виробництво та споживання. 2 Чинники виробництва – це земля, трудо-ві ресурси, основний капітал (обладнання та будівлі), якими ми користуємося для виробництва това-рів і послуг. 3 Ми не можемо виготовляти все, що бажаємо, і в кількостях, які нам потрібні, оскільки ресурси завжди обмежені. 4 Обмеженість ресурсів ставить нас перед вибором. 5 Економічна наука займається питаннями розміщення ресурсів, яких немає в достатній кількості, та тим, як їх краще ви-користовувати. 6 Нам доводиться відмовлятися від випуску певного виду товару, щоб забезпечити випуск іншого. 7 Головним у ринковому механізмі є чинник цін, який впливає на розширення або скорочення виробництва. 8 Якщо товаровиробники бачитимуть, що продаж певного виду товару і ціни на нього зростають, вони збільшуватимуть випуск цього товару.