Grammar: Passive Voice (Simple) – Пасивний стан групи Simple

be(am/is/are; was/were; will be)+ Past Participle(V3 / Ved)

 

У реченнях пасивного стану підметом виступає додаток речення активного стану. Але пасив – не лише інший спосіб вираження того самого речення в активі. Вибір стану залежить від того, що нас більше цікавить.

 

Порівняйте наступні речення:

 

Shakespeare wrote

Hamlet

in 1599. (Нас більше цікавить автор.)

Hamlet,

one of the greatest dramatic tragedies, was written by Shakespeare. (Нас більше цікавить п’єса.)

 

Дуже часто слово by та дійова особа не вказуються в пасивному реченні, тому що:

- дійова особа не відома:

My bicycle wasstolen yesterday. (Мій велосипед вчора вкрали.)

- дійова особа не важлива:

English is spoken all over the world. (Англійською розмовляють в усьому світі.)

- дійова особа зрозуміла з контексту:

I was fined £100 for speeding. (Мене оштрафували на 100 фунтів за перевищення швидкості.)

 

Ex.1. Change the following from active to passive:

1 The company manager increased my salary last week. …………………………………….......................

2 We bought this car last Friday. …………………………………………………………………………….

3 They paid for this service in cash. ………………………………………………………………………….

4 We seldom undertake such activities to protect the consumers' rights. ………………………...................

………………………………………………

5 We informed the customer of the delivery of his order. ……………………………………………...........

…………………….

6 The company increased the commission paid to agents. ………………………………………………….

……………………………..

7 Human Resources department recruits new staff every year. ……………………………………………..

………………..

8 Research and Development department developed several new products last year. ………………………

………………………………………………………..

9 My company opened several subsidiaries in different locations. ………………………………………….

………………………………

10 Manufactures investigate consumer tastes. …………………………………………………....................

11 Ford announced the loss of 4,000 jobs yesterday. ……………………………………………………….

12 British Airlines forbids smoking during the flight. ………………………………………………………

Ex.2. Complete the sentences using the correct passive (simple) form of the verbs in brackets:

1 He …………………… (not invite) to the conference if he doesn't present a report. 2 I …………………..

(not pay) enough for the work I do. 3 A security system …………………… (install) in this laboratory next week. 4 Newspapers …………………… (deliver) every day except weekends. 5 The problem ……………

……… (solve) by the committee a week ago. 6 Taxes …………………… (reduce) in a few years. 7 The office …………………… (wash) every day. 8 The delegation …………………… (meet) at the airport. 9 Our working conditions …………………… (change) by new equipment. 10 The most important decisions usually …………………… (take) by the owners of a company. 11 Services in tourism …………

…….………… (provided) by tourist companies. 12 When a private company ………………… (buy) by the state and ………………… (bring) into public sector, it is nationalized.

Ex.3. Translate into English:

1. Коло послуг нашої компанії було розширене минулого року. 2. Ці товари завжди купуються для перепродажу. 3. Права споживача захищаються державою. 4. Цей закон про захист прав споживачів був прийнятий кілька років тому. 5. Ця інформація завжди розповсюджується рекламними агенціями. 6. Смаки споживачів будуть досліджуватися нашим маркетинговим відділом. 7. Клієнтам нашого банку будуть запропоновані значні знижки. 8. Побутові послуги сплачуються за допомогою пластикової картки. 9. Декілька працівників нашої фірми було звільнено за цінову дискримінацію покупців. 10. Ми не можемо повірити вашим словам, оскільки всі ваші вимоги були задоволені. 11. Спільне підприємство було створено своєчасно і зараз ми маємо великий прибуток. 12. Проект будівництва цього готелю був затверджений ще в 2009 році.

 

WHOLESALING

wholesale – оптова торгівля retailer – роздрібний торговець indirect channels — непряма система (збуту) merchant middlemen – торгові посередники deal in – торгувати manufacturer - виробник

take title – мати право власності lot – партія (товару) break bulk – розвантажувати e-procurement – поставка через Інтернет premises – приміщення, володіння ship – відвантажувати, перевозити

 

Wholesaling is the sale of goods to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services.

According to the United Nations Statistics Division, "wholesale" is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or to other wholesalers, and involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies.

Wholesaling is a part of marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally, indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It should be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.

Most of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both and don't take title to the goods they deal in. These agents receive commissions - a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.

Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. As wholesalers handle a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers, they reduce the problem of both manufacturer and retailer.

Wholesalers often physically assemble, sort and grade goods in large lots, break bulk, repack and redistribute in smaller lots. While wholesalers of most products usually operate from independent premises, wholesale marketing for foodstuffs can take place at specific wholesale markets where all traders are congregated.

Traditionally wholesalers were closer to the markets they supplied than the source they got the products from. However, with the arrival of the internet and e-procurement there are an increasing number of wholesalers located nearer manufacturing bases. Many of them offer drop shipping services to companies and individuals. Drop shipping is a supply chain management technique in which the retailer does not keep goods in stock, but instead transfers customer orders and shipment details to either the manufacturer or a wholesaler, who then ships the goods directly to the customer. As in all retail businesses, the retailers make their profit on the difference between the wholesale and retail price.

 

1 What is wholesaling? 2 What does it provide channels for? 3 What do agent middlemen do? 4 How do wholesalers make the distribution process simple? 4 What is drop shipping? What advantage does it have?