Exercise 6. Render the following passage into Ukrainian. Pay special attention to linguistic devices denoting probability.

 

The word «dinosaur» means «terrible lizard». About 150 million years ago there were many kinds of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs have been extinct for 65 million years. Several theories have been proposed about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the Earth.

One theory is the climatic change theory. This theory says that millions of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for the dinosaurs. The disappearance was directly caused by a shortage of food, and indirectly — by climatic changes. According to this theory, the dinosaurs may have disappeared slowly and gradually.

Evidence has recently been accumulated that this extinction was sudden and was caused by a huge asteroid that hit the Earth. Among the signs is the element iridium released from the asteroid in the impact. The impact would have raised so much dust into atmosphere that sunlight could have been shut out for months. Many species of plants and animals would not have been able to survive. In particular, large animals like dinosaurs could not have taken refuge in caves the way the smaller ones may have.

A still newer idea is based on possible periodicity of 28 million years between mass extinction on the Earth: an undiscovered companion to the Sun comes to the inner part of its orbit, and its gravity then sends a number of comets towards the Earth. Fortunately, the star — for which the name «Nemesis» is unofficially waiting — isn't due back for 15 million years even if it exists.

Scientists continue to debate these theories. In the future, evidence may be found for a new theory.

 

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

 

1. This, of course, does not prove the statement, but it may help to persuade you of its truth.

 

2. You've got to do your homework.

 

3. Nobody will dare deny that this is possible.

 

4. This might make the computations simpler, but this also reduces the usefulness of the theory.

 

5. Max would rather study languages than biology.

 

6. You could have at least sent an invitation.

 

7. A lecturer must be able to explain things clearly.

 

8. Must you leave so soon?

 

9. Anything is possible if you dare.

 

10. Often what is needed has to be greatly modified in the light of what is possible.

 

Chapter 6

Text B. Read the following passage and paraphrase it.

 

Acronyms and Initialisms

 

Acronyms and initialisms are very common in English. Acronyms are words that are formed from the first letters of words in a phrase. For example, the word «laser» is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Acronyms are pronounced as words.

Initialisms, on the other hand, are not pronounced as words: each letter in an initialism is pronounced as a letter, e.g. IBM, which stands for the company International Business Machines.

More examples: avionics — aviation electronics, WORM — write once, read many, descriptive of a memory combining magnetic and laser-based recording on which the user (not a vendor) records data but cannot later modify it.

Radar

 

The word radar comes from radio detection and ranging. Radar is a detection device that uses radio waves to detect objects in the air.

 

Sonar

 

The word sonar comes from sound navigation and ranging. Sonar is a detection device that uses sound waves to detect objects.

 

REM

 

Most people need between six and eight hours of sleep a night. Some need more, and some need less. All of us, however, need a certain amount of REM sleep. REM means «Rapid-Eye-Movement». REM sleep happens mostly during dreams, for short periods about four to five times per night.

VIP — very important person

 

— висока посадова особа

 

СЕО — chief executive officer

 

TBA — to be announced (about any event — a lecture, a meeting etc.)

 

PLA — prior learning assessment (and recognition)—екстернат

 

dept — department

 

Acad. — Academy

 

Assn. — Association

 

s/he — she or he

 

UN ~ United Nations (Organization) — ООН

 

MP — Member of Parliament

 

*TGIF —Thank God it's Friday - нарешті настала п'ятниця (скоро вихдні)

Chapter 6 111

Each of fifty United States has postal abbreviations for addresses in correspondence, and characteristic creeds. Study them and answer the following questions:

1. Are there any states that share a common motto? How many?

2. What state is known as «Gopher State»?

Alabama	AL	Heart of Dixie
Alaska	AK	Great Land
Arizona	AZ	Grand Canyon State
Arkansas	AR	Land of Opportunity
California	CA	Golden State
Colorado	CO	Centennial State
Connecticut	CT	Constitution State
Delaware	DE	First State
Florida	PL	Sunshine State
Georgia	GA	Empire State of the South
Hawaii	HI	Aloha State
Idaho	ID	Gem State
Illinois	IL	Land of Lincoln
Indiana	IN	Hoosier State
Iowa	LA	Hawkeye State
Kansas	KS	Sunflower State
Kentucky	KY	Bluegrass State
Louisiana	LA	Pelican State
Maine	ME	Pine Tree State
Maryland	MD	Old Line State
Massachusetts	MA	Bay State
Michigan	MI	Great Lakes State
Minnesota	MN	Gopher State
Mississippi	MS	Magnolia State
Missouri	МО	Show Me State
Montana	MT	Treasure State
Nebraska	NE	Cornhusker State
Nevada	NV	Silver State
New Hampshire	NH	Granite State
New Jersey	NJ	Garden State
New Mexico	NM	Land of Enchantment
New York	NY	Empire State

 

 

Chapter 6

North Carolina	NC	Tar Heel State
North Dakota	ND	Flickertail State
Ohio	OH	Buckeye State
Oklahoma	OK	Sooner State
Oregon	OR	Beaver State
Pennsylvania	PA	Keystone State
Rhode Island	RI	Ocean State
South Carolina	SC	Palmetto State
South Dakota	SD	Sunshine State
Tennessee	TN	Volunteer State
Texas	TX	Lone Star State
Utah	UT	Beehive State
Vermont	VT	Green Mountain State
Virginia	VA	Old Dominion
Washington	WA	Evergreen State
West Virginia	WV	Mountain State
Wisconsin	WI	Badger State
Wyoming	WY	Eguality State

 

DC — District of Columbia