Exercise 2. Read the text. Find linguistic devices expressing probability and hypotheses. Render the passage into Ukrainian.

 

In 1705, the English astronomer Edmond Halley applied the new theory of gravity developed by his friend Isaac Newton to determine the orbits of comets from observations of their positions in the sky. He reported that the orbits of the bright comets that had appeared in 1531, 1607, and
1682 were about the same. He was troubled, though, that the intervals between appearances were not quite equal. The scientist resolved this difficulty by analyzing the effect on the comet's orbit by the	to limit — to keep within a certain area, size, amount, number, limits. Synonyms: to restrict, to confine
gravity of Jupiter and Saturn. Halley said that we were possibly observing a single comet orbiting the sun. He predicted that it would return in 1758. The reappearance of this comet on Christmas night of that year, 16 years after Halley's death was the proof of Halley's hypothesis; the comet has since been known as Halley's comet. It seems probable that the bright comets reported every 74 to 79 years since 240 B.C. were earlier appearances. The comet will be back in the inner solar system in 2061, but only in May 2134 will we have a spectacular view from the Earth's surface, though we may not be limited to the Earth's surface by that time.

 

 

Chapter 5

GRAMMAR: MOOD. EXPRESSION OF CONDITIONS

 

Mood is any of three special forms of verbs that express:

a fact or action — Indicative Mood — дійсний cnociб

He   Biн

is studying studies вчиться

studied   вчився

will study.   буде вчитися

 

a command — Imperative Mood — наказовий cnociб

Do as most men do, then most men will think well of you.

Робіть, як більшість людей, i тоді про вас будуть думати добре.

a wish, a doubt — Subjunctive Mood — умовний cnoci6

What would you do in my place?

(May) success attend you!

Хай щастить!

If only I knew!

Якби ж я знав!

 

SEMANTIC TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

 

FACTUAL express relationships that are true and unchanging	If when(ever)	the temperature gets to 0° С, water freezes.
Коли температура сягає 0° С, вода замерзає. If it is 11 р. т., the library is closed. Якщо зараз 11 година вечора, бібліотека зачинена. If it is September, 13, it's my father's birthday. Якщо сьогодні 13 вересня, це день народження мого батька.
FUTURE (PREDICATIVE) express future plans	If I	may might ... ... should happen to should happen to	have the time, I'll call you.
Якщо у мене буде час, я вам зателефоную.
HYPOTHETICAL express unlikely yet possible events IMAGINATIVE COUNTERFACTUAL express impossible events or states	If she had the possibility she would visit Toronto. Якби у неї була можливість, вона б відвідала Торонто (може у неї ще буде нагода).
If Newton were alive, he would live in England. Якби Ньютон був живий, він жив би в Англії.

 

Chapter 5 85

TYPES OF CONDITIONS

REAL

UNREAL

 

PRESENT

PAST

REAL CONDITIONS

if якщо even if навіть якщо only if тільки якщо on condition (that) за умови in case, in the event якщо, в разі, за умови   provided (that), providing (that) за умови     suppose / imagine assuming (that)... припустімо What if...? а якщо Should (as equalent of «if») якщо, якщо трапиться     unless якщо не     lest щоб не, аби не   if... would якщо (захочете)

If you study hard, you will pass the exam. Якщо ви будете наполегливо вчитися, то зможете скласти іспит (зміст: ви можете вчитися зараз, тобто ця умова є реальною).     I will goprovided that you go too. Я піду за умови, що й ви також підете. Suppose it rains, what shall we do? Припустімо, піде дощ — що ми будемо робити? What if we change the approach? А якщо змінити підхід? (що відбудеться, якщо...) Should you be interested, I have a book on the subject. Якщо (трапиться, що) ви зацікавитесь, у мене є книга з цього питання. Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exam. Якщо ви не будете наполегливо вчитися, ви не зможете скласти іспит.   Write down the rulelest you forget it. Запишіть це правило, аби не забути його. If youwould let me come... Якщо ви дозволите (захочете дозволити) мені прийти...

 

UNREAL CONDITIONS

Present	Past
If youstudied hard, youwould pass the exam. Якби ви наполегливо вчилися, то склали б іспит. (зміст: зараз ви не вчитеся наполегливо, тобто зараз умова є нереальною).	If youhad studied hard, youwould have passed the exam. Якби ви наполегливо вчилися, то склали б іспит. (зміст: ви не вчилися наполегливо раніше, тобто умова є нереальною у минулому).
If only I knew it! Якби я тільки знав про це! (зараз) (зміст: я не знаю про це)	If only I had known it! Якби я тьльки знав про це! (раніше, колись, у минулому) (зміст: я не знав про це)

 

Chapter 5

I wish I were there. Як би я хотів бути там (зміст: я жалкую, що мене там немає).

I wish I had been there. Як би я хотів бути там (зміст: я шкодую, що мене там не було).

 

Also: * It's a pity / I regret

Even if hewere here,he wouldn't help us. Навіть якщо б він був тут (зараз). він би нам не допоміг.   Even if I had a dictionary, Iwouldn't use it. Навіть якщо б у мене був зараз словник, я б не скористався ним. Also: *If I were in your place /shoes = *Were I in your place / shoes (Якщо б я був на вашому місці...) If I had this book... = Had I this book... (Якби в мене була ця книжка...) *but for якби не transforms into «if it were not for» (Present Unreal) and «if it had not been for» (Past Unreal)

Even if hehad been here,he wouldn't have helped us. Навіть якщо б він був тут (тоді), він би нам не допоміг.   Even ifI had had a dictionary, Iwouldn't have used it. Навіть якщо б у мене був словник (тоді), я б не скористався ним. But for your help, I'd fail. Якби не ваша допомога, я б не досяг успіху.

 

OTHER EXPRESSIONS DENOTING CONDITIONS:

Conditions permitting,... Якщо дозволять умови...

It being the case,... Якщо це саме той випадок

if so,...якщо так

if not,...якщо ні

if any, if anything,... якщо хоч щось...

if anybody якщо хтось

if at all якщо взагалі

 

NOTE. Forms of Subjunctive
Present	Past
be	were
infinitives WITHOUT to

 

 

The rules of the sequences of tenses are NOT observed after:

It	is was has been	necessary необхідно important / vital важливо desirable бажано essential суттєво, важливо	that you	know it
be here     American English
should know it
should be here British English

 

Chapter 5 87

It is important that they be present at the meeting.

Важливо, щоб вони були присутні на зборах.

Compare:It is important that they are present at the meeting.

Важливо, що вони присутні на зборах.

 

I	suggest(ed) (make/made a suggestion) propose(d) пропонувати insist(ed) наполягати order(ed) наказувати recommend(ed) рекомендувати demand(ed) require (d) (it is/was a requirement) вимагати	that you	do know	it
be here   American English
	should do should know	it
should be here British English

 

We insist (insisted) that the meeting be held tomorrow.

Ми наполягаемо (наполягали), щоб засідання відбулося завтра.

 

BUT: Indicative Mood (and therefore regular rules of sequence of tenses) are used with the following expressions:

It is

strange/curious/surprising/astonishing (дивно) possible/probable/likely (ймовірно, схоже) unlikely (несхоже) wonderful (чудово) natural (природно)

 

It is strange that they know about it.

Дивно, що вони про це знають.

It is strange that they knew about it.

Дивно, що вони про це знали.

It was strange that they had known about it.

Видавалося дивним, що вони про це знали.

 

Memorize the following useful expressions with conditionals:

So be it. Let it be so.

Нехай буде так.

 

Be that as it may,... Як би то (там) не було,...

 

As

luck ill luck

would have it,...

За

щасливим нещасливим

збігом обставин...

 

Come Happen

what

may will

Що б там не було; що трапиться, то трапиться

 

Suffice it to say (that)... досить сказати, (що)...

Far be it from me to... Я далекий від того, щоб/аби...

* If things were to be done twice, all would be wise. Мудрий по шкоді.

88 Chapter 5

Exercise 3. Choose the correct option:

 

1. I wish you would have called.

a. You called.

b. You didn't call.

2. If I have money, I buy English books.

a. I always do this.

b. I do this when I have money.

3. If she had studied for her test, I'm sure she would have done quite well.

a. She didn't study.

b. She studied.

4. If Mary had been at the office, she would have helped you.

a. Mary helped you.

b. Mary didn't help you.

5. You could have gotten a higher score.

a. You didn't get a high score because you didn't study.

b. You got a high score because you studied.

6. They could have finished the project on time.

a. They had the ability to be quicker.

b. They finished the project on time.

7. Let's pretend that we have this opportunity.

a. We have the opportunity.

b. We don't have the opportunity.

8. I wish you had come back.

a. You did not come.

b. You came.

9. If you had done your homework, you would have gotten an excellent mark.

a. You didn't get an excellent mark because you didn't do your homework.

b. You did your homework, and so you got an excellent mark.

10. You could have brought a friend to the party.

a. You came alone.

b. You came with a friend.

11. I wish that you liked the meeting.

a. You didn't like the meeting.

b. You liked the meeting.

12. I hope that you enjoyed the party.

a. You didn't enjoy the party.

b. There is actual possibility that you liked the party.