Exercise 2. Render the following passages into Ukrainian. Discuss the points with your colleagues.

 

A.

 

The age of the so-called information highway is beginning. This highway starts with computer operators in the 50s who begin to communicate among themselves using specialized languages and protocols. Today we think that electronic communications world (since it is digital) must be accurate, reliable, and low cost. Perhaps. In some cases. At times. Yes, e-mail is transferred across the Internet in seconds. However, if it crosses a boundary between the Internet and a relatively restricted network there can be delays of seconds, minutes or hours — just like leaving a superhighway and encountering road construction or customs checkpoint.

Perhaps, your e-mail is delivered promptly. Who will read it? Maybe that person is busy, out of town, or simply doesn't know what is needed to answer you. We need to distinguish between our expectations of the communications technology and our expectations of the people with whom we communicate.

 

B.

 

Historians of technology often tell us how long it takes for technological innovations to enter widespread use. They say that 25 years is the expected interval. The telephone, television, and fax machine, for example, all took 25 years to reach popularity. But what about the Web? It became ubiquitous all of a sudden, and this ubiquity is growing, changing our view of *all of a sudden == suddenly information, society, and business. Is another Web-like thing on its way?

 

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Exercise 3. Translate the following table.

Chapters

GRAMMAR:

MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS (PHRASAL MODALS)

 

Modal verbs are used when we say that we expect things to happen, or that events are possible (necessary, improbable, impossible), or when we say that things did not happen, or when we are not sure whether they happened.

Modal verbs have no -s ending for the third person singular, they are followed by the infinitive WITHOUT to (except for ought to).

Modal verbs can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about things that did not happen, or which we are not sure about in the past.

Modal verbs make questions and negative forms WITHOUT using do/did.

Modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, dare. In British English need can be both a modal verb and an ordinary verb. In American English it is NOT used as a modal.

 

MODAL VERBS

 

1. can, could, can't, couldn't, could have	meaning	equivalents (phrasal modals)
can	present ability теперішня можливість	to be able to
I can drive. Я можу (вмію) водити машину.		Ann is able to type. Енн може (вміє) друкувати.
I could speak German when I was a child. У дитинстві я вмів розмовляти німецькою.	past abilitv можливість у минулому	I was able to speak German when I was a child. У дитинстві я вмів розмовляти німецькою.
—	future abilitv можливість у майбутньому	Не will be able to pass the exam. Bін зможе скласти іспит.
You can/could use my phone. Можете скористатися моїм телефоном.	permission дозвіл
The dictionary can be on this shelf. Словник може знаходитись на цій полиці. Could he be there? Може, він там? (напевне це невідомо)	possibility можливість
Thev could have written the letter if they wanted to. Якби вони схотіли, то написали б листа (могли б написати). Не could have done it. Можливо, він це i зробив (але напевне невідомо).	past possibility (uncertain if the action occurred) можливість у минулому (невідомо, чи дія відбулась)
I can't understand. Я не можу зрозуміти. Не couldn't speak. Bін не міг говорити.	іmpossibility неможливість
Could you wait? Чи не могли б ви зачекати?	polite request ввічливе прохання

 

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2 may, might, might have	meaning	equivalents (phrasal modals)
He mav/might be in the library. He might have read this book. Можливо, він прочитав цю книгу.	рrobability ймовірність, можливість
You may ask any questions. Можете ставити будь-які запитання. May I speak to professor Johnson? Чи можу я поговорити з професором Джонсоном?	permission дозвіл	to be allowed to to be permitted to You're allowed to bring dictionaries. Можете принести словники.
Не may go to the libraiy. Може, він піде до бібліотеки (але це не дуже ймовірно). Не might go to the library. Можливо, він піде до біблютеки (але я особисто вважаю, шо це не так).	uncertain possibility малоймовірна можливість
Thev mav/might have arrived in the morning. I'm not guite sure. Можливо, вони приїхали вранці. Я не дуже впевнений у цьому.	past possibility можливість у минулому про яку невідомо, чи вона відбулася

 

3 must, must, have must not	meaning	equivalents (phrasal modals)
All students must attend these classes. Усі студенти повинні відвідувати ці заняття	necessity and obligation необхдність та обов'язковість	to be to to have to You have to (are to) come on time. Вам доведеться прийти вчасно. to have got to I' ve got to go to the university. Мені треба (я повинен) йти до універсітету.
You must read it. It's marvellous. Ви повинні прочитати — це чудова річ!	advisabilitv порада	to advise «it's a good idea»
John must be ill. Мабуть. Джон захворів. I must have lost mv book somewhere. Мабуть, я десь загубив свою книгу.	probability ймовірність, можливість

 

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You mustn't drive fast. There is a speed limit here. Ви не повинні їхати швидко. На цій дорозі обмеження швидкості.   You must not = it is forbidden Compare:   You needn't drive fast. We've plenty of time. He треба їхати швидко — у нас досить часу.   Also: — Must I read? Я повинен читати?   —No, you needn’t. Hi, не треба.   —No, you mustn’t. Hi, не повинні.

absense of obligation відсутність необхідності

You don't have to = it is not required

 

4. shall, should, should have; will, would, would have; ought to	meaning	equivalents (phrasal modals)
Candidates should be prepared to answer questions. Кандидати повинні бути готові дати відповіді на запитання. You ought to study every day. Ви повинні вчитися щодня.   MINDnegative formfor ought to: You ought to translate this article, but she shouldn't.	necessity and obligation необхідність та обов'язковість	to be supposed to   You are supposed to studv every day. Ви повинні вчитися щодня.
This theory shall be referred to. На цю теорію треба (обов'язково) послатися.
You should studv harder. Було б непогано, якби ви вчилися більш наполегливо. Perhaps, vou should have called him earlier. Можливо, треба було зателефонувати йому раніше. You ought to have given vour phone number. Треба було дати свій номер телефону.	advice (порaда)   advisable action (unfulfilled) порада, що не була здійснена	to advise

 

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It should rain. Здається, зараз піде дощ (логічно припустити, що піде дощ).	logical conclusion логічний висновок
Shall I help you? Вам допомогти?	offer пропозиція
Ice will/would melt at 0° С. Льод тане при нульовій температурі. This procedure would not be used in this case. У цьому випадку така методика звичайно не використовується.	habitual action звичайна дія
I would like to comment it. Мені хотілося б це прокоментувати.	wish бажання
Would you wait? Would you mind waiting? Ви б не зачекали, будь ласка? Не would not agree. Bін не погодиться (не схоче погодитися).	polite request or refusal ввічливе прохання або відмова

 

5. had better; would rather; dare	meaning	equivalents (phrasal modals)
You're pressed for time, you had better go. У вас обмаль часу, краще вам зараз піти.	advisablilitv порада
I would rather not say what I think. Краще я не буду казати про те, що думаю.	preference надання переваги	to prefer
Did he dare (to) criticize the boss? І він насмілився критикувати начальника?	challenge виклик

 

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NOTE * a must - something which is necessary or very important Renovation of the laboratory isa must.Реконструкція лабораторії є конче необхідною. * able - clever or skillful, competent She is anable teacher.Вона — здібний вчитель.

Exercise 4. What does it mean to be «a fluent speaker of a foreign language»? Decide ____what a person must/should/can/may/might be able to do. Then study the numerical rating system developed by one of the departments of U.S. State Department. How would you rate your own abilities in English? If you speak other languages, rate yourself as well.

 

Elementary proficiency

ü able to satisfy routine travel needs (hotels, prices etc.);

ü able to ask, answer, and understand questions and statements about simple topics related to daily life;

ü frequent errors in grammar and vocabulary.

 

Limited working proficiency

ü able to satisfy routine social demands and basic work requirements;

ü able to speak with confidence, but not easily, on such topics as current events, personal information, daily job requirements;

ü can understand the general meaning of most conversations and speak clearly enough to be understood by all native speakers;

ü can use simple basic grammar accurately, but may require help to express more complex ideas.