Reason, cause and effect (result)

 

because since for for the reason that in that тому що, бо   thanks to due to owing to because of on account of завдяки, дякуючи   so відтак   to result in to have as a result to cause to end in to lead to призводити до, закінчуватися   thus hence therefore тому, відтак   as a consequence consequently as a result for this reason внаслідок   "to bring about = to bring into being спричиняти, викликати   * (From this) it follows — звідси випливає   effect(s) result(s) consequence(s) implication(s) результат (и) aftermath наслідки	He was admitted to the University	because since for in that for the reason that
he successfully passed all exams. Його зарахували до університету, бо він успішно склав yci іспити.
They obtained accurate results	because of thanks to owing to due to
up-to-date sophisticated equipment. Вони отримали точні результати завдяки сучасному складному обладнанню.   Не encountered many problems,so he went to see his advisor. Він натрапив на багато проблем i відтак пішов до свого керівника.     The experimentresulted in no success. Експеримент не призвів до ycпixy.     Не forgot the meaning of this English word.
Thus Therefore For this reason	he decided to consult the dictionary.
Biн забув значення цього англійського слова i вирішив звернутись до словника.   Science hasbrought about many changes in our lives. Наука спричинила багато змін (або: призвела до багатьох змін).

 

Chapter 4 69

Exercise 5. Render the following passage into Ukrainian. Pay special attention to logical connectors.

 

Various educational traditions have always laid emphasis on the learning of other languages. One effect of knowing a second language is that a person can experience first hand the great literature of other people, the power and subtleties of the original. The ability to read in another language reinforces one more effect: the gaining of knowledge about other cultures. Through reading and speaking a foreign language one can gain insight into the life of a different culture. Perhaps the most powerful effect of learning other languages is communication. With a second — or third — or fourth language one can make contact with other human beings. Many people study foreign languages because of more practical reasons for acquiring a new language. However, the effects are considerable. Since greater understanding of other cultures and communication with other people are so important, we would all do well if we studied at least one more language.

 

EXPRESSION OF COMPARISON

 

I

 

As as... as similar to alike такий же, як i подібний, аналогічний   equally in the same way similarly likewise in an identical manner аналопчно, подібно   the same такий самий   quite the same almost the same very much the same майже такий самий   exactly / precisely / just the same такий самий, однаковий   to have much in common мати багато спільного   to resemble — to look like бути подібним	Nobody does itas wellas you do. Hiхто не зробить цього краще ніж ви (так добре, як ви).   This method issimilar to the previous one. Цей метод подібний (аналогічний) до попереднього.   We must pay a lot of attention to general secondary education, butequally we shouldn't forget higher education. Ми повинні приділяти багато уваги загальній середній освіті, аналогічно, ми не повинні забувати i про вищу.   American English and Canadian English are
almost very much	the same.
Both theorieshave much in common. Обидві теорії мають багато спільного.

 

Chapter 4

NOTE LIKE or AS? Use like before nouns or pronouns, but if nouns or pronouns are followed by verbs, use as: He behaves like you. He behaves as. you often do.

II.

 

to be different from відрізнятися від   not as... as not so... as не такий, як   less (than) менше ніж   more (than) більше ніж	Our department isdifferent from theirs. Наш відділ відрізняється від їхнього.   John isnot as carefulas Ann. Джон не такий уважний, як Енн.     My experiment isless importantthan yours. Мій експеримент менш важливий, ніж ваш.   This article isfar more informative. Ця стаття значно більш інформативна.   This method ismarkedly less efficient. Цей метод значно менш ефективний.
much many   far markedly	more (less)
значно більше (менше)   somewhat a bit slightly дещо	The new device isa bit somewhat	smaller.
Новий прилад дещо менший за розмірами.

 

III.

 

 

the...-est (of all) the most (the least) найбільш (найменш)   by far the...-est мабуть, най-...

She translatesthe best (of all). Вона перекладає найкраще (від ycix).     Не isby far the brightest student. Мабуть, Biн найбільш талановитий студент.

 

Chapter 4 71

DOUBLE COMPARATIVE

the... the чим... тим   less and less усе менше i менше   more and more усе більше та більше

The more we learn,the more we know. Чим більше ми вчимося, тим більше ми знаємо.   Не became lessand less interested in the subject. Biн виявляв усе менше i менше зацікавленості.

*well	over above	The level iswell above average. Рівень значно перевищує середній.
значно більше

 

NOTE   Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives: 1. Adjectives of one syllable: add...-er and...-est big -bigger, -the biggest 2. Adjectives of three or more syllables: usemore andthe mostinteresting- more interesting, -the most interesting 3. Adjectives of two syllables ending in: ...-y,...-ly,...-ow,...-le,...-er,...-ure, take...-er and...-est – easy- easier, - the easiest 4. Adjectives of two syllables that end in ...-ful,...-less,...-re,...-ic,...-ate,...-ish,..,-ent,...-ous,...-ing,...-gn,...-mn, and also adjectives «guilty» and «eager» takemore andthe most.

IRREGULAR FORMATION

Positive good   bad   little   many│ much│     far     old

Comparative Better   Worse   Less   More     Farther Further   Older Elder

Superlative the best   the worst   the least   the most     the farthest (about distance) the furthest   the oldest the eldest (especially about siblings)

 

Chapter 4

Exercise 6. Complete the following table:

Positive 1. sophisticated 2. … 3. famous 4. … 5. comfortable 6. careful 7. … 8. useful 9. guilty 10. …

Comparative   more sophisticated less intelligent … worse … … … … … harder

Superlative   the most sophisticated … … … … … the brightest … … …