Choose consecutive interpreters (to interpret the speakers into Kazakh/Russian)

Moderator can use following questions to start off the round-table discussion:

1. When you see stories about teenagers in the news or read stories about teenagers in the newspapers, what types of stories come to mind?

2. When you hear stories about teens and violence among then, how does it make you feel?

3. How do media stories about teenagers and crime affect your perceptions and attitudes on this issue?

4. How do they affect your parents’ perceptions and attitudes?

5. The term ‘Media myth” is used to describe the media’s continued portrayals of images and information that are not based on facts. A “media myth” is created when whole groups of people are misrepresented because the extreme actions of a few of them dominate the media. Can you think of any examples of groups of people who have been affected by media myths?

6. What media myths have been created regarding teenagers?

 

 

 

Конец формы

Конецформы

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities around the world.

What are the reasons for this, and suggest some solutions.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

You should write 180-250 words.

 

 

UNIT 3: NATURE AND HUMANKIND

 

 

 

 

Look at the photos. What type of environmental pollution do they show?

2. Put the words/phrases in the box in groups: a) air pollution, b) water pollution, d) other. Can you add any more words?

3. Discuss the following questions using the words above in the box:

· What is the impact of civilization on the environment?

· Are polluted air, land, water harmful to people, animals and plants?

 

Natural Disasters

1. Match the following words with their right pictures

· Avalanche	· Flood
· Blizzard	· Hurricane
· Bushfire	· Landslide, mudflow
· Cyclone	· Tornado
· Drought	· Tsunami, tidal wave
· Earthquake	· Volcano

_________________________ _________________________

__________________________ ___________________________

_________________________ __________________________

_________________________ ___________________________

_________________________ __________________________

1. Read the words and match them with their definitions

Column A	Column B
1) Avalanche	a) a snowstorm with very strong winds
2) Blizzard	b) a mass of snow, ice and rock that falls down the side of a mountain
3) Bushfire	c) a long period of time when there is little or no rain
4) Cyclone	d) a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface
5) Drought	e) a violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic Ocean
6) Earthquake	f) a violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in a circle
7) Flood	g) is a rupture on the crust of a planetary mass object, such as the Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
8) Hurricane	h) a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry
9) landslide, mudflow	i) an extremely large wave in the sea caused, for example, by an earthquake
10) tornado	j) a fire in a large area of rough open ground, especially one that spreads quickly
11) tsunami, tidal wave	k) a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff
12) volcano	l) a violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circle. There is often also a long cloud which is narrower at the bottom than the top

 

Adjectives as Nouns

Adjectives are often used as nouns. The specific cases are:

Ellipses of Noun Phrases: Ellipsis is the shortening of a phrase. In this case, we specifically look at noun phrases. Adjectives can act as nouns and can be a subject, object, or complement in a sentence.

Let’s us look at the following examples:

· ' The intelligent are not arrogant'

· ‘ The meek shall inherit the earth.'

· ‘ The old and the young were evacuated from the building.’

· ‘ The rich are privileged.’

‘ The rich’, the intelligent’, the meek’, ‘the old’, and ‘the young’ are adjectives acting as nouns. The full noun phrases could be:

· ‘ The intelligent (people) are not arrogant’.

· ' The meek (humans) shall inherit the earth.’

· ‘ The old (men) and the young (children) were evacuated from the building.’

· ‘ The rich (people) are privileged.’

In the examples illustrated above, the adjectives acting as nouns form a part of the subject.

Further using the above examples as objects:

· ‘He is a lover of the intelligent’.

· ‘She has an eye for the rich ’,

· ‘He is a veteran amongst the young. ’

The complete sentences could be:

· ‘He is a lover of the intelligent (being) ’.

· ‘She has an eye for the rich (men)’,

· ‘He is a veteran amongst the young (students).’

Remember:

1. The definite article ’the’ is combined with these adjectives so that they can be used as nouns.

2. These adjectives are always plural and take a plural verb.

Nouns Formed by Conversion

Adjectives can be used as proper nouns, common nouns, and abstract nouns. When a word is used as a different part of speech without introducing any change to the form of the original word it is known as conversion. Let us look at some examples:

· ‘The church elder frowned on kissing in the back of cars.’ (Noun)

· ‘The elder man used his cane.’ (Adjective)

· ‘He kept the fast for a week.’ (Noun)

· ‘Reena and Sheena are fast friends’ (Adjective)

· ‘This is my right!’ (Noun)

· ‘He is the right man for this position.’ (Adjective)

· ‘Mahatma Gandhi is his ideal. ’ (Noun)

· ‘The ideal king is expected to be wise and generous.

The above sentences make it clear how the same word can be used as a different part of speech.

Other Cases

Proper nouns like Indian, American, and African are words that can act as adjectives as well as nouns. It totally depends on the usage of the word that is whether it is in the plural form or the singular form. If the word is in the plural form it is acting as a noun and in the singular form it could be acting as an adjective or a noun.

 

Let us look at some examples:

· 'The Indian brass work is popular in the west.' (Adjective)

· 'The Indians are going for elections.' (Noun)

· 'The African nations are taking cogent steps to fight apartheid'. (Adjective)

· 'The Africans are hardworking people'. (Noun)

· 'The American tourist visited the museum.' (Adjective)

· 'The American shopped in the market.' (Noun)

Words like Indian and African have been used in the sense of ‘of India, of Africa. Remember, that once again the usage of the word determines that what part or speech the word belongs to.

Order of adjectives

Adjectives follow an order before a noun:

Opinion	Size	Age	Shape	Colour	Origin	Material	Purpose	+Noun
good bad	huge tiny	young elderly	round square	black white	Spanish Japanese	leather plastic	riding sleeping	boots bag

 

EXERCISES