Importance of Being a Sportsman

“So you go in for sport? How are your successes?”

“Very good, indeed. I’ve got excused from all duties.”

Way out

“What’s the matter, sergeant? We have an inspection parade in ten minutes and men in the company are not yet shaved.”

“That’s all right, sir. I’ll give the command: ‘Gas masks – on’!”

Security Leak

“What do you want ten cigarette packages for, soldier?”

“We’re going to have a field exercise tomorrow.”

“It should last long?”

“It’s a military secret.”

“You are a heavy smoker, I see.”

“Not at all. I smoke a package a day.”

UNIT: 28

PEACEKEEPING

Lesson 8

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATION

1.

In this exercise we’ll concentrate on the words and word combinations to be sure you know what they mean

	belligerent factions	The groups fighting in a conflict. Also called warring factions.
	combatant	A fighter in a conflict.
	disarmament, demobilization and re-integration	The process of taking arms away from former fighters and helping them return to civilian life.
	forced entry	Peace operations where there is no consent from belligerent factions and where troops can expect to meet armed opposition.
	guerrilla forces	Unofficial or irregular troops that operate in small, mobile combat groups and attack the official army.
	humanitarian aid	Assistance given to people during or after a conflict or natural disaster. Also called humanitarian assistance.
	non-combatant evacuation	Operations that relocate threatened civilians who are not involved in the fighting to secure areas.
	peace-building operations	Operations that give support to civilian agencies in order to consolidate peace and avoid a return to conflict.
	peace enforcement	Operations to re-establish peace. They are carried out under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and without the consent of belligerent factions.
	peace support operations	All military operations where forces are deployed to a country at war to help create a secure environment and a lasting peace.
	peacekeeping	Operations conducted to monitor the implementation of a peace agreement under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and with the consent of all parties.
	warlord	A military leader who controls an area and operates outside the control of national government.

2.

Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.

LESSONS FROM AN INFANTRY PLATOON COMMANDER

BY LIEUTENANT UZOMA OYEBOLU

In February, I deployed on a peace enforcement operation to the Democratic Republic of Central Africa (DRCA) as commander of 1 Platoon, B Company, 21^st Marine Infantry Regiment – a multinational battlegroup. The warring factions in the DCRA included tribal warlords and a number of rebel guerrillas backed by neighbouring states. Our deployment was a forced entry since no side had given their consent to the mission. Our initial task was non-combatant evacuation of diplomatic, UN and NGO personnel who had been trapped by the fighting. We were then tasked to separate the warring factions and take control of essential services, including water and electricity, deliver essential food supplies and re-establish law and order. Our current deploy is for six months, after which we will be replaced by follow-on peacekeeping forces.

The follow-on force will include lightly-armed Nigerian peacekeepers who will be tasked with the establishment of buffer zones and areas of separation. These troops will then carry out demining and assist with the disarmament, demobilization and re-integration of former soldiers, especially child soldiers. Finally, as civilian agencies take more responsibility, the Nigerians will assist with planning and monitoring elections.

3.ó

®

Match the words and phrases with the definitions.

	A military leader who controls an area and operates outside the control of national government.	disarmament, demobilization and re-integration
	The groups fighting in a conflict.	combatant
	The process of taking arms away from former fighters and helping them return to civilian life.	guerrilla forces
	A fighter in a conflict.	warlord
	Unofficial or irregular troops that operate in small, mobile groups and attack the official army.	warring or belligerent factions

4.ó

®

Order the events.

1. Separation of belligerent factions by force. _____

2. Establishment of buffer zone. _____

3. Disarmament, demobilization and re-integration of former soldiers. _____

4. Observation and monitoring. _____

5. Demining. _____

5.ó

®

Now say which missions are conducted by:

1. 21^st Marine Infantry Regiment.

2. Nigerian peacekeeping forces.

6.ó

®

Find the words in the text which mean:

1. To implement a peace agreement, with the consent of bellingerent factions. ____________

2. To re-establish peace, without the consent of bellingerent factions. ____________

3. Deployment with no consent, where troops can expect armed opposition. ____________

7.ó

®

Work in pairs. Decide what the sentences mean and if you agree.

1. You cannot keep peace, unless there is a peace to keep.

2. You cannot fight wars from white painted vehicles.

8.	Write four words or phrases with peace.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________

GRAMMAR: MODALS

SUMMARY

ability (mental or physical)	can, be able to (present)
past repeated action	could
managing to do sth, using some efforts in the past	was / were able to
lack of ability	can’t (present) wasn’t / weren’t able to (past)
asking for permission	may /might /could (present)
giving permission	may /might
obligation, command, duty, necessity	must, have to, ought to, need
absence of necessity	needn’t (present) needn’t have done (past)
prohibition	mustn’t
probability	ought to / should
advice, instruction, moral obligation	should / ought to (present) should have done / ought to have done (past)
possibility	can / could / may / might (present) can / could / may / might have done (past)
talking about permission	will be allowed / permitted to
order, instruction or prohibition	to be to
logical deduction / assumption	must / should
impossibility	can’t / couldn’t
annoyance / criticism	could / might
negative possibility	may /might not be may /might not have been
opportunity / free choice	can / could

9.	This is a summary of modal verbs. Translate into Ukrainian.

 

1. Compare can / could etc. for actions:

 

can	I cango out tonight. (= there is nothing to stop me) I can’tgo out tonight.
could	I couldgo out tonight,but I’m not very keen. I couldn’tgo out last night. (= I wasn’t able)
can or may	Can (may)I go out tonight? (= do you allow me)

 

will / won’t	I think I’ll go out tonight. I promise I won’tgo out.
would	I wouldgo out tonight, but I have too much to do. I promised I wouldn’tgo out.

 

shall	ShallI go out tonight? (do you think it is a good idea?)
shouldor ought to	I should (ought to) go out tonight. (it would be a good thing to do)
must mustn’t needn’t	I mustgo out tonight. (= it is necessary) I mustn’tgo out tonight. (= it is necessary that I do not go out) I needn’tgo out tonight. (= it is not necessary)

 

2. Compare could have…/ would have… etc. for actions:

 

could would shouldor ought to needn’t

I could havegone out last night, but I decided to stay at home. I would havegone out last night, but I had too much to do. I should (ought to) havegone out last night. I’m sorry I didn’t.   I needn’t havegone out last night. (I went out, but it was not necessary.

 

3. We use will / would / may etc. to say whether sth is possible, impossible, probable, certain etc. Compare:

 

will would	‘What time willshe be here?’ ‘She’ll be here very soon.’ She wouldbe here now, but she’s been delayed.
shouldor ought to	She sould (ought to)be here soon. (= I expect she will be here soon)
mayor mightor could	She may / might / couldbe here now. I’m not sure. (= it is possible that she is here)
must can’t	She mustbe here. I saw her come in. She can’tpossibly be here. I know for certain that she is away on holiday.

 

4. Compare would have…/ should have… etc. for actions:

 

will would	She will havearrived by now. (= before now) She would havearrived earlier, but she was delayed.
shouldor ought to	I wonder where she is. She should (ought to) havearrived by now.
mayor mightor could	She may (might / could) havearrived. I’m not sure. (= it’s possible that she has arrived)
must can’t	She must havearrived by now. (= I’m sure – there is no other possibility) She can’tpossibly have arrived yet. It’s much too early. (= it’s impossible)

 

10.	Rewrite the following sentences, using can, may, must. The first one is done for you.

 

1. Try this juice, perhaps you will like it. Try this juice, you may like it.

2. Perhaps Andy saw a ghost. He looks so terrified.

3. Probably Ken left his bathing suit on the beach.

4. I don’t believe your boss cancelled the negotiations.

5. I don’t believe I lost my wallet. It was in my bag a minute ago.

6. Probably that tree on the cliff is a pine.

7. I don’t believe Greg suggested that stupid idea.

8. Perhaps your mother will be angry.

9. It is probably a very expensive car.

10. Perhaps the driver got a fright when the lorry blocked the road.

11. Archie looks so pale and worn out. Probably he is tired.

12. I am sure you are thirsty. It’s so hot today.

13. I don’t believe Nash said that. He is so well-mannered.

14. Perhaps Deidra has left her gloves at home.

15. I am sure this island is a delightful place in spring when the rhododendrons are in blossom.

 

11.	Translate the words in brackets, using can, could, may, might, must, needn’t, to be able to. The first one is done for you.

 

1. I (можливо бачив) this film before but I am not sure. I may have seen this film before.

2. Trevor (вміє плавати) better than Nick but Andy (вміє бігати) better than Trevor.

3. Michael (напевно помилявся) then. He apologized but Aunt Betsy was angry.

4. The plane (міг зникнути) in the Bermudas. It is a very strange and dangerous place.

5. My parents (можливо відкладуть) our trip out of town. The weather is too gloomy.

6. We (треба поспішити) because we can miss our train.

7. Mr Watson (зміг вирішити) all the problems himself.

8. John (повинен принести) all the necessary drinks himself.

9. Anthony (не треба приходити) so early. The lecture will start at 19 a.m.

10. Her cousin (може приїхати) one of these days.

11. My brother (напевно повернув) this money long ago.

12. Sean and Tracy (вміють організувати) parties and they are always invited everywhere.

13. Pupils (повинні вивчити) these rules by heart.

14. Dennis (можливо загубив) his passport yesterday.

15. Sharon (не могла сказати) this to Andy. She is so well-mannered.

16. Mrs Bolton (змогла спекти) one hundred cakes for Ted’sparty.

17. They (можливо тоді помилялись), saying that.

18. Mr Walter (повинен був віддати) the resume to the boss an hour ago.

19. Andrew (не треба купувати) apples at all. We have bought some.

20. Simon (може прийти) when he wants.

 

12.	Fill in the blank with a suitable modal verb, using can, could, may, might, must, mustn’t, needn’t, to be able to. The first one is done for you.

 

1. Cecil was able to cover another 10 miles on weekends. We were really surprised at that.

2. Sheila ______ come whenever she wants. Mike will be very glad.

3. Donovan ______ cross that bridge at night. It’s a very dangerous place.

4. The Smiths ______ go there themselves tomorrow. Nobody wants to join them.

5. We ______ hurry now. We have plenty of time.

6. Mr Archer ______ be present at the Ambassador’s party. He was happy about it.

7. Wendy ______ been mistaken. There is no doubt.

8. Mrs Evans ______ do it herself. Nobody ______ do it instead of her.

9. They ______ written these documents a few days ago. Look, they are all ready.

10. My uncle ______ wake up so early. The taxi has been already ordered.

11. Ted ______ waste so much time on this job. It’s so easy.

12. Kevin ______ forgotten about it. He is so forgetful.

13. Lilian ______ leave the flat immediately. There is something wrong with the gas.

14. Mike and Susan ______ buy so much meat. We have chicken in the fridge.

15. Jeremy ______ lost all the money in the casino last night.

16. Mrs Donovan ______ to do all her chores by the next evening.

17. Her aunt ______ bought that old villa long ago.

18. My Granny ______ knit the clothes herself.

 

13.	Complete the sentences.

 

1. You shouldn’t …

2. Michael should…

3. Your sister can …

4. They must …

5. I may …

6. Eric needn’t …

7. Mr Bolton had to …

8. They were able to …

9. Our children mustn’t …

10. Your dog ought to …

 

14.	Choose the correct answer.

 

	Mr Finnegan … said that. He is a well-mannered person.	a. could b. can c. couldn’t have
	Ashley … here in ten minutes. Let’s wait.	a. might have been b. may be c. could be
	Mrs Morris … leave her cabin yesterday.	a. couldn’t b. may not c. can’t
	Jason … in his room now.	a. may be reading b. may read c. might have been reading
	Helen … visit her aunts more frequently.	a. must b. should have c. should
	Mr Armstrong … done that. Everybody was surprised at his behaviour.	a. mustn’t b. shouldn’t have c. shouldn’t
	Billy … that to Monty. He felt offended.	a. mustn’t say b. shouldn’t have said c. shouldn’t say
	Peggy doesn’t know where her glasses are. She … them in the telephone box.	a. may leave b. could leave c. may/might have left
	Mrs Lee … her manners. She speaks too loudly.	a. should mind b. must mind c. should have minded
	Jim … such a silly thing. He is a clever boy.	a. can’t do b. couldn’t do c. couldn’t have done

 

15.ó

®

Work in pairs. Answer the following questions.

 

1. What can the members of your unit do?

2. May you lend all your money to anybody?

3. What must you do every weekend?

4. Will you have to change the group at the university next year?

5. Will you be able to organize a chess tournament at the university next year?

6. What mustn’t you do at all?

7. What shouldn’t students do at the tests?

8. Where are you to meet your friend every day?

9. What dare you say in your teacher’s presence?

10. What needn’t you do now?

11. What should people do at the parties?

12. What ought you to do every week?

13. What might you have said a minute ago?

14. What did you have to do last week?

15. What will you be able to do next week?

 

16.ó

®

Work in pairs. Dramatize the following dialogue. Tell it to the class.

 

N:	Can you ski, Bob?
B:	Yes, I can. My parents were world champions in skiing and taught me to ski at a very early age. I could ski when I was three. At the age of six I was able to jump from the ski jump. Can you ski, Nigel?
N:	Well, I couldn’t when I was a child, but I can now. Can you teach me to jump from the ski jump? Will I be able to do it?
B:	Of course, you will. I could have taught you long ago, but you didn’t ask.

17.ó

®

Work in pairs. Dramatize the following dialogue. Tell it to the class.

 

W:	I like this pullover, but it’size 20. All I need is size 14.
J:	Well size 20 might be huge. You may try on this one, in blue colour.
W:	Oh,I think it may fit me. Do you think they may have another colour? I don’t like blue.
J:	They may have. Should I ask the assistant?
W:	Do not bother, if it fits, I may take this one. I like the style.

 

18.ó

®

Work in pairs. Dramatize the following dialogue. Tell it to the class.

 

D:	Kevin has the flue, Mrs Green. It’s rather serious and he must stay in bed for a few days. He needn’t stay in bed all the time, but you must keep him away from the baby as much as possible if you don’t want her to fall ill.
G:	Does he have to take some medicine?
D:	Yes, he must drink Tylenol and a lot of hot tea with lemon. You needn’t phone the doctor, Mrs Green. I’ll call you tomorrow morning.
G:	How long must he stay in bed if the temperature is high?
D:	I think, a day or two. You needn’t worry about that, everything will be OK, Mrs Green. Good bye.

 

19.ó

®

Work in pairs. Make your own dialogues using all the modals. Report them to the class.

 

20.	Work in pairs. Complete the text, choose the correct word in brackets.

 

COFFEE AND TEA

Coffee and tea were not (know, knew, known) in Europe two hundred years ago. People were afraid to drink them because they thought coffee or tea (can, could, could have) kill a person. Once the king of Sweden decided to find out if it (can, could, be able) be true or not. At that time there (was, were, are) two brothers in prison. They were twins and were very much (like, alike, dislike). They had committed a crime and (have, has, had) been sentenced to death. The king said:” I shall let them live but they (might, can, must) drink tea or coffee to the end of their lives. One brother (might, can, must) drink coffee and the other (might, can, must) drink tea every day.

They (each, every, both) lived many years. At last one of the brothers died when he (is, was, were) eighty three years old. The other died (a little, a few, a bit) years later. In this way it was (prove, proving, proved) that neither tea nor coffee are harmful to men.

21.	Translate into English.

1. Сара повинна вивчити історію. Потім вона може іти гуляти.

2. Ти можеш перевірити мій твір? Я знаю, що там повинні бути помилки.

3. Тері не слід було так розмовляти з місіс Шеллі. Вона могла образитись.

4. Можна, я візьму ваші олівці? Тато повинен наточити мої.

5. Де твої окуляри, Діано? – Не знаю, напевно десь загубила. – Ти могла їх забути на лавці у парку. – Ні, я можливо залишила їх в телефонній будці.

6. Поглянь, на вулиці нікого немає. Напевно почнеться гроза.

7. Бойд даремно не послав телеграму родичам. Вони, напевно нічого не знають про ваш приїзд.

8. Містер Янг повинен зустрітись зі мною біля музею о 4 годині.

9. Місіс Ебот не повинна була втручатись в життя свого сина.

10. Сем, не треба купувати овочі, у нас їх досить в холодильнику.

11. Містер Уокер повинен був мене зустріти на автостанції, але він не прийшов.

12. Нам не треба сьогодні готувати вечерю, Дерики запросили нас до ресторану.

13. Ніні слід носити яскраві кольори. Їй вони личать.

14. Мама можливо вже вдома, але я невпевнена.

15. Ліліані не слід було приводити ту подругу.

LAUGHS PARADE

Never Too Late

“Private James, why are you late to fall in for the morning inspection parade?”

“I got delayed because of shining my shoes for the parade, sergeant.”

“And why are your shoes dirty?”

“I was in a hurry to fall in for the parade, sergeant.”

 

First Things First

“Private Liddell, which thing do you do first before starting cleaning your rifle?”

“First of all, I’ll take a look at the number on the rifle, sir.”

“What for?”

“To make sure I don’t clean somebody else’s.”

 

Diminished Targets

“Private Jenkins, why are you observing those tanks through the wrong end of your field glasses?”

“I wish the tanks to look smaller and keep’em at greater distance from the observation post, sir.”

SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS

TEXT 1