Условные предложения смешанного типа

Существуют условные предложения «смешанного типа», в которых условие может

относиться к настоящему или будущему времени, а следствие – к прошедшему времени и наоборот. В этом случае в одной части предложения может употребляться форма II типа, а в другой - III типа.

 

If you hadn’t missed the plane, you would be at home now. — Если бы ты не опоздал на самолет, ты был бы сейчас дома.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме. Обратите внимание на употребление условных предложений «смешанного типа».

 

1) The teacher said, «I’ll begin the lesson as soon as Jack (stop) talking. 2) The old gentleman doesn't go out in winter. He (go) out if the weather gets warmer. 3) I’ll wait for the doctor as long as he (come) back from the hospital. 4) If she had realized how late it was, she (not / ring) me. 5) He (have) a bad accident if he (not / drive) more carefully. 6) She’s flying to Cairo tomorrow. She’ll send her family a telegram providing she (arrive) with a delay. 7) If you (talk) less, you would be able to concentrate on your work. 8) I wouldn’t have been able to pass the exam if you (not/help) me. 9) If the plane left on time, they (be) in Minsk now. 10) If they hadn’t walked 40 km, they (not / be) exhausted now.

 

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме. Обратите внимание на употребление условных предложений «смешанного типа».

 

1) If the law (pass) last year, the economy (be) in a better shape now. 2) If I (be) you, I (forgive) him long ago. 3) Even if nobody (want) it, the sun (rise). 4) If you (prepare) everything beforehand, we (wait) for you now. 5) If John (be) more competent, he could have been promoted long ago. 6) If my friends (come) on holiday last year I (be glad). 7) If he (have) money yesterday we (take) a taxi. 8) If we (know) him better we (invite) him to make a little talk last Monday. 9) If you (save) some money, you (not be) so hard up. 10) If he (take) his job more seriously, he (advance) long ago. 11) If Bill (not steal) the car, he (not be) in prison now.

Тест

1. If my husband … to the bank yesterday, we … some money now.

a) went, could have b) had gone, would have

 

2. Write down all these words lest you … them.

a) forgot b) should forget

 

3.if you … working, there … no protection for your family.

a) stopped, would be b) have stopped, won’t be

 

4. If I were you I … invest all your money in stocks.

a) would not b) will not

 

5. The water is very cold today. If you bathed in it you … ill for some days.

a) will have been b) would be

 

6. If you needed some money, I … lend you a sum.

a)will b) would

 

7. If there … high demand overseas we … the Export sales team.

a) will be, would increase b)) were, would increase

 

8. If I … to my colleague yesterday, I … everything.

a) spoke, would learn

b) had spoken, would have learned

 

9. What … if the princess … that necklace? Who knows?

a) would have happened, had not lost

b) would happen, has not lost

 

10. If I … a nickel for all the times we’ve done things because of your male intuition, I.. a rich woman.

a) had, would be b) had had, would have been

 

11. … what would happen, I … this experiment.

a) I knew, will never have authorized

b) Had I known, would never have authorized

c) Have I known, would never authorize

 

12. If Olivia … his letter, they probably … all those years and neither of them would be lonely now.

a) would answer, would have married

b) answered, will marry

c) had answered, would have been married

 

13. You … pay interest if you … the bill within sixty days.

a) would have to, didn’t settle

b) will have to, hadn’t settled

c) shall have to, wouldn’t have settled

 

14. Andrew said that if I … before the Titian it … wonderful publicity for the exhibition.

a) am posing, will have been

b) posed, would be

c) would have posed, would have been

 

15. … you’d get so upset, she never … leaving.

a) Would have she known, had suggested

b) Has she known, will have suggested

c) Had she known, would have suggested

 

16. The boy … my age if such an unbelievable thing … to him. He had been killed in a fight.

a) would have been, had not happened

b) would have been, wouldn’t have happened

c) will have been, had not happened

 

17. They... the train if they … their house earlier.

a) wouldn’t have been missing

b) wouldn’t have missed, had left

c) won’t have missed

 

18. If the sales… poor, we … the distribution network.

a) were, will change

b) have been, will have changed

c) had been, would have changed

 

19. If you … your own children, I’m sure you … what I’m going to ask of you now.

a) will have, would excuse

b) had, would excuse

c) would have, would excuse

 

20. If my younger sister … less shy, she … progress more rapidly.

a) were, would make

b) had been, would have made

c) has been, will make

 

21. If I … more self-confidence I … for a better-paid job long ago.

a) had, would apply

b) had, would have applied

c) have, had applied

d) had had, would apply

 

22. If you … the plants regularly, they … now.

a) would have watered, will bloom

b) had watered, would be blooming

c) water, bloom

d) watered, would have been blooming

 

23. If they … the house all day, they … so tired now.

a) hadn’t been painting, wouldn’t be

b) haven’t paint, won’t be

c) would be painting, weren’t

d) weren’t painting, wouldn’t have been

 

24. If Alex … his A levels last spring, he … a university student now.

a) passed, would be

b) passed, would have been

c) had passed, would be

d) had passed, would have been

 

25. If I … really in love with her, I … her about it long ago.

a) were, would have told

b) was, told

c) am, would tell

d) was, would tell

 

26. If he … the speed limit, he … to pay a fine now.

a) wouldn’t exceed, wouldn’t have

b) didn’t exceed, wouldn’t have had

c) hadn’t exceeded, wouldn’t have

d) didn’t exceed, won’t have

 

27. If she … so disorganized, she … the deadline with her project then.

a) hadn’t been, wouldn’t miss

b) won’t be, won’t miss

c) wasn’t, won’t miss

d) weren’t, wouldn’t have missed

 

28. If Paula … exercising regularly since her childhood, she … in good shape now.

a) has been, would be

b) had been, would be

c) were, would have been

d) would be, would be

 

29. If the rescue team … Jack an hour later, he … dead.

a) found, were

b) found, would have been

c) had found, would be

d) would find, would have been

 

30. If Mike’s voice … such a nice timbre, he … a radio announcer.

a) hadn’t had, wouldn’t become

b) didn’t have, wouldn’t have become

c) doesn’t have, wouldn’t become

d) wouldn’t have, didn’t become

 

Тема 17. Профессия юриста

Цель: развитие навыков и умений устной речи по теме.

Задачи:

- расширять потенциальный запас лексических знаний студентов,

- совершенствовать умения изучающего и просмотрового чтения,

- формировать навыки монологического высказывания по теме.

 

Студент должен знать:

- лексический материал и словарные клише темы «Профессия юриста»,

- правила употребления грамматических структур «I wish, had better, would rather».

Студент должен уметь:

- анализировать профессиональный текст с позиций его лексических особенностей,

- выполнять задания к прочитанному тексту и аргументировано излагать свои мысли,

- вести общения по теме «Профессия юриста».

Тема 17.1. Типы юридической профессии в Британии.

Грамматическая тема: Условные предложения (обобщение).

 

Study the words and the word-combinations.

 

solicitor - стряпчий

undertake - брать на себя обязанность

confer – совещаться

draft – составлять

conduct negotiations - вести переговоры

prepare a case for trial - подготовить дело к слушанию в суде

retain - нанимать (адвоката)

advocacy – защита

higher court - вышестоящий суд

agent - доверенное лицо

litigation - тяжба, судебный процесс

advocate – адвокат

voluntarily – добровольно

incorporate - регистрировать

extensive – обширный

setting - учреждение

enforce - проводить в жизнь

sustain - понести (ущерб, убыток)

law school - юридический факультет

furthermore - кроме того

apprenticeship – ученичество

graduate - выпускник

 

I. Read the text.

Solicitor

 

Solicitor is a type of practicing lawyer in Britain who gives advice, does the necessary work when property is bought and sold, and defends people, especially in the lower courts of law. In general, a barrister undertakes no work except through a solicitor, who prepares and delivers the client's instructions to a barrister. Solicitors confer with clients, draft documents, conduct negotiations, prepare cases for trial, and retain barristers for advice on special matters or for advocacy before the higher courts. They have a right to act in all courts as the agents for litigation or representatives of their clients, but they may appear as advocates only in the lower courts. If one wants to make a will the best man to advise him is a solicitor. If one gets into trouble with the police one can ask a solicitor to help prepare his defence. The official organization of solicitors is the Law Society, a voluntary group, incorporated by Parliament. The Law Society has extensive authority in setting and enforcing standards for solicitors. The Law Society maintains a client-compensation fund to reduce and relieve losses sustained from dishonesty by solicitors. The education required of a solicitor includes a law school course. Furthermore, To qualify as a solicitor one is to join a practicing solicitor as a “clerk” and to work for him (apprenticeship) for a period of five years (three years for university graduates) in order to pass the Law Society exams. Solicitors must be British Commonwealth citizens, although there is no such requirement for the barrister. [The Commonwealth is an organization of about 50 countries that were once part of the British Empire.]

 

II. Restore the word order in the questions and answer them:

 

1) Who people in the lower courts of law in Britain defends? 2) Who and delivers the client's instructions to a barrister prepares? 3) Do confer solicitors with clients? 4) Solicitors don’t advice and draft documents give, do they? 5) Who negotiations and prepares cases for conducts trial? 6) Who barristers for advice on special matters or for advocacy before the higher courts retains? 7) What right solicitors do have? 8) Where may appear solicitors as advocates? 9) Who the best man to make a will is? 10) What one can do if he gets into trouble with the police? 11) What about the official organization of solicitors is known? 12) Why the Law Society does maintain a client-compensation fund? 13) What one should do to be qualified as a solicitor? 14) Must be solicitors British Commonwealth citizens?

 

III. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

 

1) Solicitor misadvises. 2) Solicitor does the unnecessary work when property is bought and sold. 3) Solicitor defends people in the higher courts of law. 4) A barrister undertakes work except through a solicitor. 5) Solicitor prepares and delivers the client's instructions to a judge. 6) Solicitors hold a consultation with clients. 7) Solicitors compose documents. 8) Solicitors carry on negotiations. 9) Solicitors prepare cases for lawsuit. 10) Barristers retain solicitors for advice on special matters. 11) Solicitors retain barristers for advocacy before the lower courts. 12) Solicitors act in all courts as the agents for litigation. 13) Solicitors don’t act in all courts as representatives of their clients. 14) Solicitors may appear as advocates only in the higher courts. 15) If one wants to make a will the best man to advise him is a barrister. 16) If one gets into trouble with the police one can ask a barrister to help prepare his defence.

 

IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English:

 

Стряпчий; советовать; доверенное лицо; собственность; тяжба; адвокат; покупать; регистрировать; обширный; учреждение; брать на себя обязанность; совещаться; составлять документ; вести переговоры; защищать; подготовить дело к слушанию в суде; нанимать адвоката; защита; вышестоящий суд; проводить в жизнь; понести ущерб; судебный процесс; юридический факультет; ученичество; доставлять инструкции; составить завещание; попасть в беду; давать плохой совет.

 

V. Complete the following statements:

 

1) Solicitors give … 2) Solicitors do … 3) Solicitors defend … 4) Solicitors prepare and deliver … 5) Solicitors confer … 6) Solicitors draft … 7) Solicitors conduct … 8) Solicitors prepare cases … 9) Solicitors retain … 10) Solicitors have a right to act … 11) Solicitors may appear as … 12) If one wants to make a will … 13) If one gets into trouble with the police … 14) The official organization of solicitors is … 15) The Law Society has … 16) The Law Society maintains … 17) The education required of a solicitor includes … 18) To qualify as a solicitor one is … 19) Solicitors must be …

 

VI. Choose one topic to speak about solicitor: a) his functions; b) his Law Society. Retell the text “ Solicitor”.

 

Barrister

 

Study the words and the word-combinations.

 

barrister - барристер (адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах)

untouchable - недоступный, недосягаемый

Inns of Court - Судебные Инны (четыре английские школы подготовки барристеров)

Inner Temple - Внутренний Темпл

Middle Temple - Средний Темпл

Lincoln's Inn - Линкольновскнй Инн

Gray's Inn - Греевский Инн

high antiquity - глубокая древность

legal education - юридическое образование

prospective - будущий

inn - постоялый двор;инн, школа подготовки барристеров

read law - изучать право

serve one's apprenticeship - проходить курс ученичества

proper – надлежащий

fee - гонорар

 

I. Read the text.

 

Barrister is one of the two types of practicing lawyers in England, the other being the solicitor. In general, barristers engage in advocacy (trial work) and solicitors in office work. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. Barristers are called in to advise on really difficult points. Only barristers (not solicitors) may appear as advocates before the High Court. High Court is a court of law in Britain that is at a higher level than ordinary courts and that can be asked to change the decisions of a lower court. Barristers are rather untouchable figures. If you need one, you never see him without your solicitor being with him. To be a barrister it is necessary to be a member of one of the four Inns of Court in London. Inns of Court are four institutions of high antiquity that have historically been responsible for legal education. Inns of Court include Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. A prospective barrister must pass some examinations established for the inns by the Council of Legal Education and must read law and serve his apprenticeship with a practicing barrister for not less than a year. A barrister is required to accept any case for a proper professional fee, regardless of his personal feelings. Barristers cannot carry on any other profession or business.

 

II. Restore the word order in the questions and answer them:

 

1) What barristers do engage in generally? 2) What barristers experts in are? 3) What barristers are called in to advise on? 4) May appear barristers or solicitors as advocates before the High Court? 5) Barristers are rather untouchable, aren’t they figures? 6) What it is necessary to be a barrister? 7) What a prospective must barrister do? 8) What a barrister is required? 9) Can carry barristers on any other profession or business?

 

III. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

 

1) Solicitors engage in advocacy. 2) Solicitors engage in trial work. 3) Barristers engage in office work. 4) Solicitors are experts in the interpretation of the Law. 5) Barristers are called in to advise on really easy points. 6) Barristers must not appear as advocates before the High Court. 7) Solicitors can appear as advocates before the High Court. 8) High Court cannot change the decisions of a lower court. 9) Barristers are rather remote figures. 10) A prospective barrister must pass his examinations with honours. 11) A prospective barrister must scrutinize law. 12) A prospective barrister must serve his apprenticeship with a practicing solicitor. 13) Barristers can carry on any other profession or business.

 

IV. Restore the word order in the following statements:

 

1) Barristers in advocacy engage. 2) Barristers in trial work engage. 3) Solicitors in office work engage. 4) Barristers experts in the interpretation of the Law are. 5) Barristers in to advise on really difficult points are called. 6) Barristers may as advocates before the High Court appear. 7) Solicitors as advocates before the High Court cannot appear. 8) High Court to change the decisions of a lower court can be asked. 9) Barristers rather untouchable figures are. 10) A prospective barrister some examinations must pass. 11) A prospective barrister read law must. 12) A prospective serve barrister must his apprenticeship with a practicing barrister. 13) Barristers cannot on any other profession or business carry.

 

V. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English:

 

Адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах; практикующий юрист; стряпчий; недосягаемый; выдержать экзамен; юридическое образование; изучать право; проходить курс ученичества; гонорар; деятельность адвоката; судебное разбирательство; эксперт; толкование; консультировать; являться в суд; решение суда; школа подготовки барристеров; действующий на расстоянии; отлично сдать экзамены; внимательно изучать закон.

 

VI. Complete the following statements:

 

1) Barrister is … 2) Barristers engage in … 3) Solicitors engage in … 4) Barristers are experts in … 5) Barristers are called in … 6) Barristers may appear as advocates before … 7) Solicitors cannot appear as advocates before … 8) High Court is … 9) Barristers are rather … 10) Without your solicitor you never see … 11) To be a barrister it is necessary to be … 12) A prospective barrister must pass … 13) A prospective barrister must read … 14) A prospective barrister must serve … 15) A barrister is required to accept … 16) Barristers cannot carry on …

 

VII. Choose one topic to speak about barrister: a) his functions; b) his Inns of Court. Retell the text “ Barrister ”.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме условного наклонения.

 

1) I (speak) to her if she apologized for her appalling behaviour.2) I’ll buy a new coat when I (go) shopping tomorrow. 3) After I finish my homework this evening, I (take) a walk. 4) If I (see) Eduardo tomorrow, I’ll ask him to join us for dinner this weekend. 5) Even if I (phone) them, it would have been 6) Mrs. Polanski will change her clothes if she (work) in her garden this afternoon. 7) If you (stop) complaining, we would be able to get some work done today. 8) If I (get) a job soon, I’ll pay you the money I owe you. 9) The boss (be) very disappointed if you aren't at the meeting tomorrow. 10) We could have some fresh air if you (open) the window.

 

Exercise 2. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

 

1) It’s a beautiful house, and I’d buy it if (have/had) the money, but I can’t afford it. 2) If you (will lose/lose) your credit card, you have to ring the bank. 3) I hope that if I (do/ will do) my best, they will give me a permanent contract after a few months. 4) If you (were/ had been) in his shoes, what would you do? 5) Unless you (don’t send/ send) us all the documents, we won’t be able to deliver you the goods. 6) Why didn’t you phone? If I (knew/ had known) you were coming, I wouldn’t have met you at the airport. 7) She (wouldn’t have missed/ wouldn’t miss) the deadline if she weren’t so disorganized. 8) Let me give you some advice. If you smoked less, you (wouldn’t feel/ wouldn’t have felt) so tired.

Exercise 3. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

 

1) We exchange goods only if you … a receipt.

a. will produce b. produced c. produce

d. would produce

 

2) Unless you …me alone, I’ll call the police.

a. leave b. will leave c. won’t leave

d. don’t leave

3) But for the life jacket, he ….

a. would drown b. had drowned c. had drowned

d. would have drowned

 

4) If he … in time, he would have taken all necessary measures.

a. were warned b. had warned c. was warned

d. had been warned

 

5) I’m so annoyed about my car accident. If only I …more careful!

a. were b. would be c. have been

d. had been

 

6) If the quality of the product hadn’t been so bad, we ….

a. hadn’t complained b. wouldn’t complain c. didn’t complain d. wouldn’t have complained

 

7) If I …you, I’d ask a lawyer for some advice.

a. were b. had been c. would be

d. was

 

8) His face did not express anything as though he … at all hearing the news.

a. didn’t be surprised b. wouldn’t be surprised c. were not surprised d. had not been surprised

 

9) If you … goods on the Internet, they always … you an e-mail confirmation.

a. order, will send c. ordered, would send

b. order, send d. had ordered, would have sent

 

10) The bank … you money to set up a company unless you … some kind of business plan.

a. won’t lend, had c. won’t lend, have

b. wouldn’t lend, didn’t have d. will lend, don’t have

11) According to the timetable, if the train … on time, we … at 5.30.

a. leaves, will arrive c. would leave, arrived

b. left, would arrive d. had left, will arrive

 

12) If … about their financial problems, I … business with them.

a. I’d known, wouldn’t have done c. I knew, wouldn’t have done

b. I’d know, didn’t do d. I’d have known, hadn’t done

 

13) It was recommended that the market research … by the end of the year.

a. should have been done c. would have been done

b. would be done d. should be done

 

Exercise 4. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку:

1) What you would do if you lived here all the time, as we do? 2) If I had been you, I’d try to follow the advice of your parents. 3) I wouldn’t leave my last job if the wages had been better. 4) This pie would taste better if you would add some more sugar in it. 5) If I hadn’t have to go, I’d be happy to stay for a chat. 6) I’ll make some remarks if I were in charge of this project. 7) If only the children can participate in its competition. 8) I’d have told you the way this puzzle is being solved if I knew it, but I am afraid I don’t.