Interrogation and confession.

I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.

The interrogation of suspected persons is an important aspect of the investigation of offenses. Usually the aim of the questioning is to obtain an admission of the offense that will lead eventually to a plea of guilty and avoid the need for a contested trial. All English-language countries place restrictions on the methods of interrogation in order to ensure that suspects are not coerced into confessions by unacceptable means. In the United States any suspect who is being interrogated in custody must be offered the services of a lawyer, at the expense of the state if he cannot afford to pay, and failure to advise the suspect of this right results in the rejection of a confession as evidence. English law follows the same general principle, that a person suspected or accused of a criminal offense is not at any stage in the process of investigation or trial obliged to answer any question or to give evidence. For many years the law relating to confessions in England consisted of a simple rule prohibiting the admission as evidence at trial of any involuntary statement made by an accused person. The investigating police officer is to administer to the suspect a caution that he was not obliged to answer any question and that anything he did say might be given in evidence at his trial. This caution was required to be given at the beginning of any period of interrogation and immediately before the suspect began to make a statement or confession. Failure to give the caution at the right time or in the right form did not necessarily mean that the statement would be excluded from evidence, but it did give the trial judge the discretion to exclude the evidence if he considered it just to do so. A confession by an accused person may be admitted in evidence provided that the court is satisfied that the confession was not obtained by oppression of the person who made it. Oppression is defined to include torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the use or threat of violence.

 

1) What an important aspect of the investigation of offenses is? 2) What the aim of the questioning is? 3) What done in order to ensure that suspects are not is to be coerced into confessions by unacceptable means? 4) Who be offered the services of a lawyer must? 5) What in the rejection of a confession as evidence results? 6) Is to answer any question or to give evidence a person suspected of a criminal offense obliged? 7) What the law relating to confessions in England did consist of? 8) What the investigating police officer administer to the suspect should? 9) When this caution was required to be given? 10) What the trial judge the discretion to exclude the evidence gave? 11) When a confession by an accused person be may admitted in evidence? 12) What oppression defined to include is?

II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1) The aim of the questioning is to offend suspect’s sense of justice. 2) Admission of offence leads to freedom. 3) Plea of guilty leads to a contested trial. 4) Restrictions are not to be placed on the methods of interrogation. 5) Any suspect must not be offered the services of a lawyer. 6) The services of a lawyer must be offered at the expense of the suspect. 7) Failure to advise the suspect of his right to be offered the services of a lawyer does not result in the rejection of a confession as evidence. 8) A person suspected of a criminal offense is obliged to answer any question. 9) A person accused of a criminal offense is obliged to give evidence. 10) The admission as evidence at trial of any involuntary statement made by an accused person is allowed. 11) The interrogator doesn’t caution the suspect that he is not obliged to answer any question. 12) The interrogator doesn’t caution the suspect that anything he says might be given in evidence at his trial. 13) This caution is required to be given at the end of any period of interrogation. 14) This caution is required to be given immediately after the suspect begins to make a statement or confession. 15) Failure to give the caution at the right time necessarily means that the statement will be excluded from evidence. 16) Failure to give the caution in the right form doesn’t give the trial judge the discretion to exclude the evidence if he considers it just to do so. 17) A confession by an accused person must be admitted in evidence even if it was obtained by oppression of the person. 18) Oppression does not include the use or threat of violence.

III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Interrogation to obtain an admission of the offense is. 2) Admission of offence to a plea of guilty leads. 3) Plea of guilty the need for a contested trial leads to avoid. 4) Restrictions to are be placed on the methods of interrogation. 5) Any suspect be offered the services of a lawyer must. 6) The services of a lawyer must be at the expense of the state offered. 7) Failure results to advise the suspect of his right to be offered the services of a lawyer in the rejection of a confession as evidence. 8) A person suspected of a criminal offense obliged is not to answer any question. 9) A person obliged accused of a criminal offense is not to give evidence. 10) The admission is as evidence at trial of any involuntary statement made by an accused person strictly prohibited. 11) The interrogator the suspect that he is not obliged to answer any question cautions. 12) The interrogator the suspect that anything he says might be given in evidence at his trial cautions. 13) This caution is to be given at the beginning of any period of interrogation required. 14) This caution is to be given required immediately before the suspect begins to make a statement or confession. 15) Failure mean to give the caution at the right time or in the right form does not necessarily that the statement will be excluded from evidence. 16) Failure gives to give the caution at the right time or in the right form the trial judge the discretion to exclude the evidence if he considers it just to do so. 17) A confession by an accused person may be in evidence provided that the court is admitted satisfied that the confession was not obtained by oppression of the person who made it. 18) Oppression is to include the use or threat of violence defined.

 

IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Допрос; признание; отказ; недобровольное заявление; делать предостережение; сделать заявление; усмотрение; допустить в качестве доказательства; притеснение; пытка; бесчеловечный; унижать; признание в совершении преступления; заявление подсудимого о признании вины; состязательный процесс; ограничения; принуждать; содержащийся под стражей; неисполнение; обращение; оскорбить чувство справедливости.

 

V. Complete the following statements.

 

1) The interrogation of suspected persons is … 2) The aim of the questioning is … 3) Admission of offence leads to … 4) Plea of guilty leads to avoid … 5) Restrictions are to be placed on the methods of interrogation in order to … 6) Any suspect who is being interrogated in custody must be … 7) The services of a lawyer must be offered at … 8) Failure to advise the suspect of his right to be offered the services of a lawyer results in … 9) A person suspected of a criminal offense is not obliged … 10) A person accused of a criminal offense is not obliged … 11) The admission as evidence … is strictly prohibited. 12) The investigating police officer is to administer … 13) This caution is required to be given at … 14) This caution is required to be given immediately before … 15) Failure to give the caution does not necessarily mean that … 16) Failure to give the caution does give … 17) A confession by an accused person may be admitted in evidence provided that … 18) Oppression is defined to include …

 

VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) aims and methods of interrogation; b) the suspect and the services of a lawyer; c) the suspect and his obligation; d) interrogator and his caution; e) the suspect and his confession. Retell the text Interrogation and confession.

Условные предложения

(Conditional Sentences)

 

В английском языке имеется 5 типов условных предложений: условные предложения 0 типа (Conditional sentences Type 0); условные предложения I типа (Conditional sentences Type I); условные предложения II типа (Conditional sentences Type II); условные предложения III типа (Conditional sentences Type III); условные предложения смешанного типа (Conditional sentences of Mixed Type), которые вводятся союзами:

if если

only if если бы (только)

even if даже если

in case в случае, если

suppose (that) предположим, что

on condition (that) при условии, что

provided (that) при условии, что

unless если... не

providing при условии, что

 

Условные предложения 0 типа выражают законы природы.

И в главном и в придаточном предложениях употребляется Simple Present.

If you heat ice, it melts. — Если нагреть лед, он тает

Условные предложения I типа выражают вполне реальные, осуществимые предположения, относящиеся к будущему или настоящему времени. Глагол в придаточном предложении употребляется в Simple Present, Present Continuous или Present Perfect, а глагол главного предложения может стоять в Future Simple, в форме модальных глаголов can/may/might/must + inf. без частицы to, а также в повелительном наклонении.

If the weather is nice, we’ll go for a walk. — Если погода будет хорошая, мы пойдём на прогулку.

If you see him, ask him to ring me up. — Если вы его увидите, попросите его позвонить мне по телефону.

If you have taken the books, you can start working on your article. — Если ты возьмешь книги, то сможешь начать работать над статьей.

 

Примечание: Подобная расстановка времен встречается и в придаточных предложениях времени, вводимых союзами:

 

when когда

after после того

before прежде чем

as soon as как только

until, till пока не, до тех пор, пока

 

I’ll call up when I arrive in Paris. — Я позвоню, когда приеду в Париж.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме условного наклонения.

 

1. I’ll buy a new coat when I (go) shopping tomorrow.

2. After I finish my homework this evening, I (take) a walk.

3. If I (see) Eduardo tomorrow, I’ll ask him to join us for dinner this weekend.

4. Mrs. Polanski will change her clothes if she (work) in her garden this afternoon.

5. If I (get) a job soon, I’ll pay you the money I owe you.

6. The boss (be) very disappointed if you aren't at the meeting tomorrow.

 

Exercise 2. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

 

1. If I don’t fell/won’t feel well tomorrow, I stay/I’ll stay at home.

2. If the weather is/will be nice tomorrow, we can go to the beach.

3. It will be hard to find a hotel if we arrive/will arrive late.

4. The alarm will ring if there is/will be a fire.

5. I am/will be surprised if they get/will get married.

6. Do/will you go to the party if they invite/will invite you?

7. If I am/will be late this evening, don’t wait for me.

8. What shall we do, if it rains/will be raining?

9. I’ll be able to understand you, if you speak/will speak slowly.

 

Exercise 3. Перефразируйте следующие предложения по образцу

 

Example: The bus may arrive early. Then I shall get on it.—

If the bus arrives early, I’ll get on it.

 

1. The taxi may arrive late. Then I’ll miss my appointment.

2. The chauffeur may drive fast. Then they’ll catch their plane.

3. We may have a puncture. Then we’ll telephone the nearest garage.

4. Caroline wants to change her job. Then she’ll earn more money.

5. Steve hopes to pass his exams. Then he’ll go to university.

6. He wants to go to university. Then he’ll study history or languages.

7. James wants to become a tennis player. Then he’ll make a lot of money.

8. Perhaps he won’t improve his game. Then he’ll give up tennis.

9.His mother wants to make him study law. Then he’ll be unhappy.

10. Perhaps she won’t say anything. Then they’ll decide themselves.

 

Exercise 4. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.

Example: If you … (leave) it with me now, it … (not take) more than a couple of days to repair.—

If you leave it with me now, it won’t take more than a couple of days to repair.

1. If you … (give) me your phone number, sir, we … (let) you know when it … (arrive).

2. How long … it … (take) if you … (order) one for me?

3. If you … (not see) what you … (want), sir, just … (ask) one of the assistants.

4. If it … (not fit), madam, … (bring) it back and we … (change) it.

5. If you … (wait) a minute, sir, I … (see) if the manager … (be) free.

… I … (get) any discount if I … (pay) cash?

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)

 

Условным предложением называется такое сложное предложение, в котором действие, выраженное в главном предложении, зависит от определенных условий, выраженных в придаточном предложении.

1. Если он придет завтра, я помогу ему (реальное условие).

2. Если бы он пришел завтра, я бы помог ему. (маловероятное условие).

3. Если бы он пришел вчера, я бы помог ему.(нереальное условие).

Условные предложения второго и третьего типа в русском языке объединяются в одну группу по конструкции, а оттенок маловероятности или нереальности передается обстоятельственными словами (завтра, вчера и т.д.).

В английском языке условные предложения маловероятной возможности отличаются от предложений нереальной возможности по конструкции и, следовательно, в английском языке имеется 3 типа условных предложений.