Тема 10.2. Хабеас Корпус. Билль о правах.

I. Scan through the text.

 

HABEAS CORPUS ACT

"Let the Body Be Brought..."

In Britain, the United States and many other English-speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.

When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson's story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth, stripped, and given 50 lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant.

Public anger was so great that she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law was regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the Constitution declares that "Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion".

Habeas Corpus is part of a Latin phrase – Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum – that means "Let the body be brought before the judge." In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an imprisoned person in court at once.

 

II. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions.

 

1. мировой судья

2. ордер на арест

3. варварское отношение

4. восстание; мятеж, бунт

5. вторжение, нападение, нашествие

6. недовольство общественности

7. печально известный

8. заключить в тюрьму

9. вызвать гневный протест

10. привести к принятию закона

11. получить строгий выговор

12. предстать перед судом

13. быть оправданным

14. быть приостановленным

15. от имени народа / монарха

 

III. Answer the following questions.

 

1. What does the law of Habeas Corpus guarantee?

2. How did Habeas Corpus become a law?

3. Why was Mrs Robinson brought to trial?

4. Was Mrs Robinson’s punishment barbaric? Why?

5. What led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act?

6. What do the words Habeas Corpus mean?

7. Is Habeas Corpus an important document? What does it guarantee?

 

Complete the following statements.

 

1. The law of Habeas Corpus guarantees …

2. Habeas Corpus became a law because …

3. The constable who arrested Mrs Robinson …

4. The version of Habeas Corpus …

5. A writ of Habeas Corpus is …

 

IV. Scan through the text.

 

THE BILL OF RIGHTS

The Bill of Rights (1689) is one of the basic instruments of the British constitution, the result of the long 17^th century struggle between the Stuart kings and the English people and Parliament. The Bill of Rights provided the foundation on which the government rested after the Revolution of 1688. The Revolution settlement made monarchy clearly conditional on the will of Parliament and provided a freedom from arbitrary government of which most Englishmen were notably proud during the 18^th century.

The main purpose of the act was unequivocally to declare illegal various practices of James II. Among such practices proscribed were the royal prerogative of dispensing with the law in certain cases, the complete suspension of laws without the consent of Parliament, and the levying of taxes and the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime without specific parliamentary authorization. A number of clauses sought to eliminate royal interference in parliamentary matters, stressing that elections must be free and that members of Parliament must have complete freedom of speech. Certain forms of interference in the course of justice were also proscribed. The act also dealt with the proximate succession to the throne, provided the heirs were Protestants. It is the constitutional paper of great importance, which prevented the sovereign from abusing his authority.

 

V. Answer the following questions.

 

1. What events preceded the Bill of Rights?

2. Why did King James have to leave the country?

3. What document regulates succession since 1688?

4. How were the rights of the monarch limited by the Bill of Rights?

5. What civil rights were protected by this document?

6. What was the influence of the Bill of Rights on political thinking in America?

 

VI. Complete the text using the words from the box.

 

royal requests Stuart succession more resistance raising taxes

prevent restricted forced financial control

 

Parliament began to show ______________________to the monarchy under the ________________from 1603 by using its gradually acquired weapon of_______________________.

It was influenced by the gentry and began to refuse______________ for money.

It eventually ___________Charles I to sign the Petition of Right in 1628, which further________________ the monarch's powers and was intended to ______________him from __________________without Parliament's consent.

 

ИНФИНИТИВ (THE INFINITIVE)

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая свойства глагола и существительного. Инфинитив обычно употребляется с частицей to. В отличие от неопределённой формы глагола в русском языке английский инфинитив непереходных глаголов имеет формы времени, а переходных – формы времени и залога.

Инфинитив может служить в предложении:

1. Подлежащим:

То read is very important in our life.

Читать – очень важно в жизни.

2. Именной частью сказуемого:

Your duty was to inform us about it immediately.

Ваш долг сообщить нам об этом немедленно.

3. Частью составного глагольного сказуемого:

Не began to translate the letter.

Он начал переводить письмо.

4. Дополнением:

They asked us to deliver the goods in May.

Они попросили поставить товар в мае.

5. Определением:

Не expressed a desire to order these books.

Он выразил желание заказать эти книги.

6. Обстоятельством:

I went to the station to see off our teacher.

Я пошел на вокзал проводить нашего учителя.

Инфинитив имеет формы времени и залога.

В английском языке переходные глаголы имеют четыре формы инфинитива в действительном залоге и две формы в страдательном залоге.

 

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to ask	to be asked
Continuous	to be asking
Perfect	to have asked	to have been asked
Perfect Continuous	to have been asking

 

I am happy to hear it. Я счастлив слышать это. (Indefinite Infinitive относится к настоящему или будущему времени.)

I am happy to have heard it. Я счастлив, что услышал это. (Perfect Infinitive относится к прошедшему времени или когда речь идет о завершенном действии).

They happened to be standing near the news-agent at the moment. В тот момент они как раз стояли около газетного киоска. (Continuous Infinitive употребляется, когда действие происходит в данный момент [временное действие]).

She appeared to have been reading the book since she took it into her hands. Оказалась, что она читает книгу с тех пор как взяла ее в руки. (Perfect Continuous Infinitive показывает, что действие началось и продолжается по настоящее время.)

 

I am to be invited to the party. Я счастлива, что приглашена на вечеринку.

 

She regretted not to have been invited. Она сожалела, что её не пригласили на вечеринку.

 

Отрицательная частица not ставится перед инфинитивом: not to ask, not to be asked и т.д.

Инфинитив с частицей to

 

Частица to употребляется:

1. После would like/would love/would prefer для выражения особого предпочтения.

I'd prefer to stay in tonight. Я бы предпочел остаться вечером дома.

2. После конструкций с too/enough, (слишком /достаточно)

It's too late to go there. Слишком поздно туда идти.

3. В конструкциях it + be + прилагательное (+of + существительное/местоимение). It was rude of him to speak about it. Это было жестоко с его стороны говорить об этом.

В конструкциях so + прилагательное + as. Would you be so kind as to help me with my English? He будите ли вы столь любезны помочь мне с моим английским?

4. В конструкциях for + существительное/местоимение + to-inf. For Tony to behave like that was very unusual. Для Тони подобное поведение было необычным.

5. После слов: the first, the second, the last, the only:

He is always the first to come. Он всегда приходит первым.

После only. She went there only to see him once more. Она пошла туда только для того, чтобы увидеть его еще раз.

 

После некоторых прилагательных:

difficult трудный

glad радостный

happy счастливый

sad печальный

surprised удивленный

disappointed разочарованный и т.д.

I am glad to see you again.

Я рад снова тебя видеть.

 

6. А также в оборотах «объектный падеж с инфинитивом», в обороте «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» и в инфинитивном обороте с предлогом for.

Инфинитив без частицы to

 

Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to:

1. После модальных глаголов (кроме ought to, have to, be to).

2. После глаголов:

to make заставлять

to let разрешать,

а иногда также после глаголов:

to help помогать

to dare сметь, отважиться

I let him go there.

Я разрешил ему пойти туда.

Help me (to) do it.

Помогите мне сделать это.

3. После сочетаний:

had better лучше бы

would rather, would sooner предпочел бы

I would rather not tell them about it.

Япредпочел бы не говорить им об этом.

4. После союза than в сравнениях.

I prefer to drive to work rather than take the bus.

Ябольше предпочитаю ездить на работу на машине, чем на автобусе.

5. В обороте «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» после глаголов:

to see видеть

to watch наблюдать

to hear слышать

to feel чувствовать

to notice замечать и некоторых других.

I saw him fall to the ground. Я видел, как он упал на землю.

Примечание:

Когда глаголы в пунктах 2 и 5 употребляются в страдательном залоге, следующий за ним инфинитив употребляется с частицей to. Не was mad e to do it. Его заставили это сделать.

 

В вопросах, начинающихся с why not

Why not go to the disco?

Почему бы нам не пойти на дискотеку.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Употребите инфинитив с частицей -to, где необходимо.

 

1. Let him... help you with your work.

2. He would rather die than... betray his friends.

3. Have you ever heard him... complain of difficulties?

4. He was never heard... complain of difficulties.

5. She seems... know a great deal about criminology.

6. All I have now... do is... send them a telegram.

7. There is hardly anything... do but... work out an alternative plan.

8. Let them... come as early as possible.

9. All I have... ask the assistant... do is... perform all these operations.

10. Have you enough... pay the bills?

 

Exercise 2. Найдите в предложениях инфинитив, определите его форму и функцию.

 

1. It is the duty of the Government to maintain law and order.

2. Laws tell people what they must do and what they must not do.

3. The members of the jury have to decide only the questions of fact.

4. A witness box is a place where a witness stands to give evidence in a court of law.

5. To swear an oath means to make a promise which God is called on to witness.

6. It's wrong to blame publishers for the high price of books.

7. The problem was too complicated to solve it within two hours.

 

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. He asked to leave for a few minutes.

2. He demanded to know the truth.

3. I beg to inform me of the details of the case.

4. We asked to be given convincing evidence.

5. They demanded to be shown the authentic documents.

6. You yourself said not to mention it to him.

 

ТЕСТ

Выберите правильный вариант ответа.

 

1. Let's watch the parade ________ past.

a) to go

b) to be going

с) be gone

d) go

 

2. There is no even a chance for him ________.

a) to promote

b) to be promoted

с) to be promoting

d) to have been promoted

 

3. Adam seems ________ even harder these days.

a) to study

b) to be studying

с) to have been studied

d) to be studied

 

4. I am proud ________ an opportunity of working on your staff.

a) to have given

b) to give

с) to have been given

d) to be giving

 

5. Rita saw Michael ________ down the steps.

a) fall

b) to be falling

с) to fall

d) to be fallen

 

6. The computer program appears ________ a bug in it.

a) to have

b) to had had

с) have

d) to having

 

7. Although Jane hopes ________ to Mark's birthday party, it is unlikely that she will be.

a) to invite

b) to have invited

с) to be invited

d) to have been invited

 

8. It's difficult to know how much luggage ________ with you.

a) to take

b) to be taking

с) to be taken

d) take

 

9. The shop provides baskets for the customers ________ their purchases in.

a) to put

b) to have put

с) to be putting

d) put

 

10. The Board of Directors seem ________ the proposal for more than an hour.

a) to negotiate

b) to be negotiating

с) to have negotiated

d) to have been negotiating

 

11. It's a nice film for you ________.

a) to do

b) to speak

c) to see

d) to hear

 

12. He expects _______ to join him at dinner.

a) we

b) ours

c) our

d) us

 

13. You'd better _______ the lecture.

a) to be attended

b) attending

c) attend

d) to attend

 

14. She felt her head ________ round.

a) rise

b) go

c) shake

d) stay

 

15. The news made Betsу ________ bitterly.

a) to cry

b) to be crying

c) to have cried

d) cry

 

16. Ann wanted James _______ her some money.

a) to lend

b) be lending

c) lend

d) lent

 

17. He expected the company ______ his medical bill.

a) to be paying

b) to pay

c) pay

d) paying

 

18. I was too sleepy _______ the article to the end.

 

a) to fly

b) to quarrel

c) to win

d) to read

 

19. Try _______ the key the other way.

a) to turn

b) have turned

c) be turning

d) turn

 

20. She heard John ______ with his partner.

 

a) for to quarrel

b) to quarrel

c) quarrel

d) to be quarrel

 

21. Mr. Burton needn't ______ his namesake never turned up.

a) to hurry

b) hurry

c) have hurried

d) be hurried

 

22. I meant ______ you for a drive on Sunday, but I was too busy.

a) to take

b) to have taken

c) to be taken

d) be taken

 

23. Nick must ______ badminton in the yard.

a) play

b) to play

c) be playing

d) have played

 

24. Your bad habits must ______ with no matter how difficult it is.

a) have broken

b) be broken

c) have been broken

d) break

 

25. 40 events must ______ into the All-Union competitions already, but perhaps some more will be still added.

a) be included

b) to include

c) have been included

d) be including

 

26. I told him ______ the letters.

a) to post

b) to have posted

c) to have been posted

d) to be posted

 

27. I saw her ______ the room.

a) to leave

b) leave

c) to be left

d) be left

 

28. He was glad ______ there.

a) to invite

b) invite

c) to be invited

d) to be inviting

 

29. There is every reason ______ that the cargo will arrive in time.

a) suppose

b) to be supposed

c) to suppose

d) to have supposed

 

30. He is always the first ______ to the university.

a) to come

b) to be coming

c) come

d) be coming

 

Тема 11. Уголовное право

 

Цель: совершенствование профессиональных умений в данной сфере.

Задачи:

- развивать речь учащихся,

- учить строить высказывания на заданную тему,

- обучать диалогической речи,

- пополнять профессиональные знания путем изучения литературы по данной тематике.

Учащийся должен знать:

- терминологию лексической темы «Уголовное право»;

- правила употребления различных конструкций с инфинитивом.

Учащийся должен уметь:

- воспринимать языковые средства и их точное понимание в тексте;

- переводить и реферировать профессионально-ориентированные тексты;

- продуцировать подготовленное высказывание по проблеме профессионального общения.