Тема 20. 2. Смертная казнь: за или против.

 

Study the words and word combinations.

 

hangman – палач

rope – верёвка

approve of – одобрять

juvenile – подросток

mentally deficient – слабоумный

execute – казнить

lethal injection – смертоносный укол

attempt – попытка

reintroduce – возобновить

call for – призыв

deterrence theory – теория сдерживания

commit – совершить

shotgun – огнестрельное оружие

public security – общественная безопасность

reinstate – восстановить

convicted murderer – осуждённый убийца

set free – освободить

serve – (зд.) отбывать наказание

retribution – возмездие

accept the consequences – принимать последствия

revenge – месть

cold-blooded – хладнокровный

economic sense – экономический смысл

taxpayer – налогоплательщик

homicide – убийство

innocent – невиновный

release – освобождать

hang – вешать

conscience – совесть

belief – вера

set an example – показать пример

preach – проповедовать

forgiveness – прощение

 

 

I. Read and translate the text.

The Hangman’s Rope

The electric chair, the hangman’s rope the guillotine. The debate on capital punishment divides people in Britain very neatly into two groups: these for and those against because this issue is all black and white; there is no grey area.

Did you know?

In the USA, where over 85% of the population over the age of 21 approve of the death penalty and are not against the statement that juveniles and mentally deficient people can be executed. In many states which still have the death penalty, some use the electric chair, which can take up to 20 minutes to kill, while others use gas or lethal injections.

In Britain capital punishment lasted until 1965, when it was abolished by Parliament. There have been 14 attempts since then to reintroduce it – all unsuccessful.

Arguments FOR.

The pro-hanging lobby uses four main arguments to support its call for the reintroduction of capital punishment. First, there is the deterrence theory, which states that potential murderers would think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might also die if they were caught. The armed bank robber might, likewise, decide to leave his shotgun at home and go back to being an ordinary robber.

Next is the idea of public security. If the death penalty were reinstated it would mean that a convicted murderer would not be set free after serving 20 years or less of a life sentence and be able to go on to murder again. The general public would, therefore, be safer.

The other two arguments are more suspect. The idea of retribution demands that criminals should get what they deserve: if a murderer intentionally sets out to commit a crime, he should accept the consequences. Retribution, which is just another word for revenge, is supported by the religious doctrine of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

The fourth main pro-hanging argument is the most cold-blooded. It is that it makes economic sense to hang convicted murderers rather than have them in prison wasting taxpayers’ money.

Arguments AGAINST.

The arguments against the death penalty are largely humanitarian. But there are also statistical reasons for opposing it: the deterrence figures do not add up. In Britain 1903 was the record year for executions and yet in 1904 the number of homicides actually rose. 1946 also saw an unusually high number of executions followed in 1947 by another rise in the murder rate. If the deterrence theory was correct, the rate should have fallen.

The second main argument against reintroducing capital punishment is that innocent people are sometimes wrongly convicted and, while people can be released from prison, they cannot be brought back from the dead if they have been hanged.

The other reasons to oppose the death penalty, which are largely a matter of individual conscience and belief, are firstly that murder is murder and this includes state executions. The state has no more right to take a life than the individual. Indeed, the state should set an example to the individual by not taking lives. It is believed to be a measure of its civilization that a state acts more humanely than its citizens. The second is that Christianity preaches forgiveness, not revenge.

 

II. Read ‘The Hangman’s Rope’ again. Why are these figures and dates important?

 

a) 1903 b) 85% c) 1965 d) 14 e) 1946

 

III. Match the words from the text with their corresponding definitions.

 

 

to execute	not guilty of wrongdoing
retribution	killing of a human being
attempt	to give a talk about religion or morals
to convict	to strengthen; to help to go on
innocent	deserved punishment
to support	effort to do smth
to preach	to carry out punishment by death
homicide	to declare in a law-court that smb. is guilty

 

IV. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words:

одобрять смертную казнь; быть против смертной казни; совершить преступление; потенциальный убийца; невиновные люди; действовать более гуманно; вопрос совести и веры; ошибочно осуждён; получить то, что заслужил; тратить деньги налогоплательщиков

 

V. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate words from the list below:

 

argument, the deterrence theory, forgiveness, innocent, capital punishment, right, to commit, humanitarian, the electric chair

 

1. The debate on … divides people in Britain very neatly into two groups: these for and those against.
2. The arguments against the death penalty are largely ….
3. In many states which still have the death penalty, some use … which can take up to 20 minutes to kill, while others use gas or lethal injections.
4. The pro-hanging lobby uses … which states that potential murderers would think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might also die if they were caught.
5. If a murderer intentionally sets out … a crime, he should accept the consequences.
6. The most cold-blooded … is that it makes economic sense to hang convicted murderers rather than have them in prison wasting taxpayers’ money.
7. The second main argument against reintroducing capital punishment is that … people are sometimes wrongly convicted.
8. The state has no more … to take a life than the individual.
9. Christianity preaches … not revenge.

 

 

VI. Answer the questions:

1. Is the majority of the US population for or against the death penalty?
2. What kinds of capital punishment are used in the USA?
3. What are the four main arguments of the supporters of the death penalty?
4. Why are the arguments against capital punishment largely humanitarian?
5. What statistics can be used while opposing state executions?
6. Which arguments sound more convincing to you?
7. Are you for or against capital punishment?

 

Союзы и союзные слова.

 

Союзы в английском языке, как и в русском, употребляются для связи членов предложений (слов и словосочетаний) в составе простого предложения и целых предложений в составе сложного предложения. Они выражают различные отношения между членами предложения и между предложениями, но не являются сами членами предложения.

Ann and Jane are great friends. – (союз and соединяет однородные подлежащие)

I can’t go with you because I’m busy. (союз because соединяет обстоятельственное придаточное предложение причины с главным)

I’ve never been here before, and I don’t think I’ve ever seen a place as lovely as this one. (союз and соединяет сочиненные предложения, а союз as…as слово lovely с группой слов this one и выражает сравнение)

Для связи придаточных предложений с главным и употребляются также союзные слова. Союзные слова – это местоимения и местоименные наречия, которые используются в качестве подчинительных союзов. Обычно в качестве союзных слов выступают относительные местоимения who, whose, what, which, that и наречия when, where, how, why. В отличие от союзов союзные слова являются членами предложения, например:

Would you mind telling me how I can get to Trafalgar Square?

(how – обстоятельство образа действия)

Do you know where he lives? (where – обстоятельство места)

I don’t see what you mean (what – дополнение)

Союзы могут быть:

простыми (стоящими из одного корня): and, but, or, that, if, so, though и др.

производными (состоящими из корня и префикса или суффикса): because, unless и др.

сложными (состоящими из двух, реже – трех корней): however, therefore, nevertheless и др.

составными (состоящими из нескольких слов, обычно из союзов as if, as though, so that, as soon as, in order that и др.)

К составным относятся также парные(соотносительные) союзы, состоящие из двух частей, разделенных другими словами: both…and – как…так и, either…or – или…или, neither…nor – ни…ни, not only… but also – не только… но и, whether… or – или…или и др.

В зависимости от выражаемых отношений союзы делятся на сочинительные и подчинительные.

Сочинительные союзы (Coordinating Conjunctions) соединяют однородные члены предложения или сочиненные предложения.

Both Nick and Pete were there.

I’m sorry, Nick, but I must go now.

I’ve been here before, and I like the place very much.

По значению сочинительные союзы делятся на следующие группы:

1) Соединительные (Copulative): and – и, as well as – так же, both…and – как…так и, neither…nor – ни…ни, not only… but also – не только…но и.

I told him about our plan, and he agreed to it.

He was neither for nor against the proposal.

The book is either in the bookcase or on the shelf.

2) Разделительные (Disjunctive) or – или, either…or –либо…либо

Either go with us or stay here.

Do you want to go there or don’t you?

3) Противительные (Adversative): but – но, still – все же, yet – тем не менее, nevertheless – тем не менее, although/ though – хотя, while/whereas – тогда как, несмотря на, in spite of/ despite – несмотря на, however – однако.

I looked for the book everywhere, but couldn’t find it.

The weather was bad, still we decided to go.

4) Результата или следствия (of result or consequence): so- так что, итак, thus – таким образом, therefore – поэтому, that is why – поэтому, otherwise/ or else – иначе.

We have plenty of time, so there’s no need to hurry.

Подчинительные союзы (Subordinating Conjunctions) вводят придаточные предложения. К наиболее употребительным подчинительным союзам относятся:

1) Союзы условия: if – если, in case – на случай,если, unless/if not – если…не, on condition that – при условии если, providing / provided(that) – при условии если, as long as/so long as - при условии если, suppose/supposing –предположим, допустим, as if/as though – как будто;

2) Союзы причины: for – так как, as – так как, since – поскольку, because – потому что, because of – из-за, due to/ owing to – из-за, благодаря;

3) Союзы цели: so that /in order that – чтобы, для того, чтобы, so as to/in order to – для того, чтобы;

4) Союзы времени: after – после того как, before – до того как, until(till) – до тех пор пока, as – в то время как, когда, when - когда,, as soon as – как только, while – в то время как, since – с тех пор как, hardly … when – едва … как.

Jack told me that he would come at six.

I can’t go with you because I’m busy.

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

What shall we do if it rains?

Say the word as I said it.

I wonder if we can get tickets for the 5 o’clock show.

We decided to put off our outing, for it looked like raining.

 

Вводные предложения выполняют в предложении функцию вводного члена предложения. Они выражают отношение говорящего к высказыванию и относятся ко всему предложению в целом, а не к какому-либо отдельному члену предложения.

What time can it be, I wonder.

We’ve lost our way, I’m afraid.

Вводные предложения ставятся обычно в середине или в конце предложения и выделяются запятыми. Некоторые из них могут стоять в начале предложения.

You are not ill, I hope.

You must go there at once, I’m telling you.

You’ve come pretty late, I must say.

You are hungry, I suppose.

You know, it’s not exactly what you want.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1. Заполните пропуски союзами either…or, neither…nor, both…and.

 

1. We call this room “the hall” and use it …as a sitting-room …a living-room. 2. Chekhov is well known …in our country and abroad. 3. We saw …you…your friend at the party yesterday. 4. At the party they will…dance…listen to music. 5. You may have…tea…coffee. 6. If you go by tram you may be late for lessons. Take…the underground…a taxi. 7. …Nick…George were late for the lessons because they went by bus. 8. From the corridor you can get…to the sitting-room…to the study. 9. In the evening we…watch TV…read newspapers. 10. …Tom…Harry has much money.

 

Exercise 2. Заполните пропуски союзами as…as, not so…as.

 

1. This box is …heavy…that one. 2. The weather today is…cold…it was yesterday. 3. Is Text 10…difficult…Text 9? – No, it isn’t. Text 10 is…difficult…Text 8. 4. Have you got …many friends…I have? 5. This year you don‘t work at your English…much…you can. 6. Is it…easy to get up early in winter…it is in summer? 7. Greek buildings were beautiful … well … useful. 8. Ancient Greeks … well …ancient Egyptians knew the art of building with cut stone. 9. Those decorations are … beautiful … these. 10. This street is … wide … the next one.

 

Exercise 3. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа.

 

1. (In case /If) a country has no natural resources it has to rely on imports.

2. The police locked the door (so as / so that) no one could get in.

3. George has got a new job, (because / that’s why) he’s so pleased with himself.

4. (In spite / Because) of all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

5. The banks were closed and (since / as a result) we couldn’t get any money.

6. You won’t learn to use a computer (if / unless) you practice.

7. (When / While) Jenny graduates from the university she intends to work in her father’s company.

8. The staff are working at weekends (so as / so that) not to delay the project any further.

9. (As / Although) this building project seems attractive, in my opinion it would be a mistake to spend so much money on it.

10. (Even if / As if) you read English easily it’s another cup of tea to make conversation in English.

11. (Owing to / Since) the increased demand for parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park.

12. I’m not happy with your work. (Nevertheless / Despite), I’m going to give you one last chance.

Тест

Выполните тест. Выберите правильный вариант.

 

1. William Sidney Porter, … is known under his pen name O. Henry, is one of the best known writers in America.

a) who b) what

 

2. Shakespeare is the greatest writer … England has ever known.

a) which b) whom

 

3. Flowers frozen in liquid air can be broken with hammer … they were made of glass.

a) as if b) so as

4. The leaves of the trees were very dark and thick, … no ray of light came through the branches.

a) not so as b) so that

 

5. He wrote down the number … he should forget it.

a) because b) lest

 

6. What have you been doing … you left our town?

a) since b) while

 

7. I don’t know … he will come to-night.

a) whether b) though

 

8. Hurry up … you will be late!

a) still b) or

 

9. We can use the same rotating machine … as a generator … as motor.

a) either…or b) as long as

 

10. He was still asleep … the snow began to fall.

a) because b) when

 

11. I wanted to do it … I couldn’t.

a) but b) if

 

12. … displacement has direction, velocity also has direction.

a) Before b) Since

 

13. The air is … cold now … it was in the early morning.

a) not so … as b) so… that

 

14. … this business is safe in my son’s hands I see no object in continuing it.

a) Since b) Until

 

15…. somebody asks me where you are, what shall I say?

a) Supposing b) On condition

 

16. They put video cameras in shops … stop people stealing things.

a) due to b) in order to

c) lest d) in addition to

 

17. She applied for the job … didn’t get it.

a) or b) but

c) when d) so

 

18. … the company’s growth has been slower than expected, the workforce is to be reduced.

a) Therefore b) Despite

c) Since d) Owing to

 

19. There’s always a night watchman … anything happens in the office at night

a) if b) as long as

c) in case d) unless

 

20. … she has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her four children.

a) Even though b) If only

c) even if d) as though

 

21. Two of the three factories in our small town have closed; … unemployment is high.

a) moreover b) for

c) therefore d) because

 

22. Most criminals realize that they may be caught. … they are prepared to take risks.

a) So as b) Otherwise

c) So that d) Nevertheless

 

23. … he had inherited a fortune from his dad, he now spent every penny of it.

a) As b) In spite of

c) Still d) Whereas

 

24. We can’t avoid pollution… alternative kinds of fuel are found.

a) so that b) despite

c) unless d) if

 

25. … she apologizes, I won’t forgive her.

a) Despite b) In order

c) Unless d) In spite of

 

26. He insisted that he was right… the fact that everyone disagreed with hum.

a) while b) though

c) in spite of d) because of

 

27. I’m going to look for another job… the company offers me a pay rise.

a) so long as b) unless

c) as soon as d) if

 

28. I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours … I’ve made a mistake.

a) provided b) supposing

c) unless d) in case

 

29. I was advised to arrange insurance … I needed medical treatment … I was abroad.

a) if; as b) lest; when

c) on condition; till d) in case; while

 

30. They waited … everybody was there … they started the meeting.

a) until; before b) for; after

c) when; until d) while; since

 

Тема 21. Полиция

 

Цель: совершенствование профессиональных умений в данной сфере.

Задачи:

- развивать речь учащихся;

- учить строить высказывания на заданную тему;

- обучать диалогической речи;

- пополнять профессиональные знания путем изучения литературы по данной тематике.

Учащийся должен знать:

- терминологию лексической темы «Полиция»;

- правила употребления различных форм инфинитива.

Учащийся должен уметь:

- воспринимать языковые средства и их точное понимание в тексте;

- переводить и реферировать профессионально-ориентированные тексты;

- продуцировать подготовленное высказывание по проблеме профессионального общения.