Тема 16. 2. Уголовные и гражданские дела.

Грамматическая тема: Условные предложения III типа.

Study the words and the word-combinations.

case – судебное дело, судебный прецедент

injury – вред, ущерб, телесное повреждение

defendant – ответчик, обвиняемый, подсудимый

plaintiff – истец, обвинитель

lawsuit – судебное дело, иск, тяжба

dispute – спор, диспут

counterclaim – встречный иск

burden of proof – бремя доказывания

preponderance of evidence – наличие более веских доказательств

verdict – решение присяжных, вердикт

juror – присяжный заседатель

accuse – обвинять в чем-либо, предъявлять обвинение

crime – преступление, преступность

commit – совершать какое-либо действие (преступление)

complaint – иск жалоба, официальное обвинение

 

I.Read the text

Kinds of cases

Civil cases

Civil cases are usually disputes between or among private citizens, corporations, governments, governing agencies, and other organizations. Most often, the party bringing the suit is asking for money damages for some wrong that has been done. For example, a tenant may sue a landlord for failure to fix a leaky roof, or a landlord may sue a tenant for failure to pay rent. People who have been injured may sue a person or a company they feel is responsible for the injury.

The party bringing the suit is called the plaintiff; the party being sued is called the defendant. There may be many plaintiffs or many defendants in the same case.

The plaintiff starts the lawsuit by filing a paper called a complaint, in which the case against the defendant is stated. The next paper filed is usually the answer, in which the defendant disputes what the plaintiff has said in the complaint. The defendant may also feel that there has been a wrong committed by the plaintiff, in which case a counterclaim will be filed along with the answer. It is up to the plaintiff to prove the case against the defendant. In each civil case the judge tells the jury the extent to which the plaintiff must prove the case. This is called the plaintiff’s burden of proof, a burden that the plaintiff must meet in order to win. In most civil cases the plaintiff’s burden is to prove the case by a preponderance of evidence, that is, that the plaintiff’s version of what happened in the case is more probably true than not true.

Jury verdicts do not need to be unanimous in civil cases. Only ten jurors need to agree upon a verdict if there are 12 jurors: five must agree if there are six jurors.

Criminal cases

A criminal case is brought by the state or by a city or county against a person or persons accused of having committed a crime. The state, city, or county is called the plaintiff; the accused person is called the defendant. The charge against the defendant is called an information or a complaint. The defendant has pleaded not guilty and you should presume the defendant’s innocence throughout the entire trial unless the plaintiff proves the defendant guilty. The plaintiff’s burden of proof is greater in a criminal case than in a civil case. In each criminal case you hear the prove; the plaintiff must prove each of these elements beyond reasonable doubt before the defendant can be found guilty.

In criminal cases the verdict must be unanimous, that is, all jurors must agree that the defendant is guilty in order to overcome the presumption of innocence.

 

II. Answer the following questions:

 

1) What is a civil case? 2) Who is a plaintiff? 3) Who is a defendant? 4) What is a complaint? 5) What is an answer? 6) What is a counterclaim? 7) What is a burden of proof? 8) What is a criminal case? 9) What is preponderance of evidence? 10) How many jurors are necessary to agree upon the verdict in a criminal case? 11) Who is the plaintiff in a criminal case? 12) What is meant by the presumption of innocence?

 

III. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

 

1) заявление об обвинении,

2)элемент (состава) преступления,

3) презумпция невиновности,

4) показания,

5) истец,

6) судебное разбирательство,

7) частные лица,

8) денежная компенсация ущерба,

9) единогласное решение присяжных,

10) наличие более веских доказательств,

11) письменные объяснения, возражения ответчика по делу,

12) ответчик,

13) встречный иск,

14) бремя доказывания,

15) ответственность за ущерб,

16) подать иск/ возбудить дело,

17) заслушать показания,

18) заявить о своей невиновности.

 

IV. Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:

 

1) convicted defendant	a) подсудимый, содержащийся под стражей
2) defendant in custody	b) осужденный
3) defendant’s record	c) досье подсудимого
4) defendant’s story	d) свидетель, выставленный ответчиком / подсудимым
5) defendant’s witness	е) версия, выдвинутая обвиняемым

 

V. Translate the following definitions into Russian:

 

Defendant – (crim.) person charged with a crime: (civ.) person or entity against whom a civil action is brought.

Action – proceeding take in court synonymous to case, suit, lawsuit.

Preponderance of evidence – means that the weight of evidence presented but one side is more convincing to the trier of facts than the evidence presented by the opposing side.

Plaintiff – the party who begins an action, complains or sues.

Counterclaim – claim presented by a defendant in opposition to the claim of the plaintiff.

Complaint – (crim.) formal written charge that a person has committed a criminal offence, (civ.) initial document filed by a plaintiff which starts the claim against the defendant.

Условные предложения III типа

Условные предложения III типа выражают предположения, относящиеся к прошлому времени и являются поэтому невыполнимыми, нереальными. В придаточном предложении употребляется форма Past Perfect, а в главном предложении — сочетание should \ would или could, might с Perfect Infinitive без to.

 

If he had been here I would have seen him. — Если бы он был здесь, я бы с ним увиделся.

If we had taken our copy-books with us, we should have written down the words. — Если бы мы взяли с собой наши тетради, то записали бы слова.

If she had seen you, she might have helped you. — Если бы она увидела вас, она могла бы помочь вам.

 

В условных предложениях III типа союз if может опускаться, а вспомогательный глагол had ставится перед подлежащим. Образуется так называемая инверсия (обратный порядок слов).

 

Had you helped him he would have completed the work in time. — Если бы вы помогли ему, он бы закончил работу вовремя.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме. Обратите внимание на употребление условных предложений III типа.

 

1) If Greg (study), he (pass) the exam last week. 2) If we (find) him earlier, we would have saved his life. 3) The presentation might have been better if she (feel) more confident. 4) If our side (be) better prepared, we (succeed) in yesterday’s talks. 5) If the Managing Director (not go) on a business trip, he (sign) the contract, I’m sure. But now you’ll have to wait for him to return. 6) I think your letter hasn’t arrived yet. If it (come), I’m sure I (notice) it. 7) If Graham (not lose) his watch he (not miss) the plane.

 

 

Тема 16.3. Виды судов в Великобритании.

Грамматическая тема: Условные предложения смешанного типа.

Study the words and the word-combinations.

 

Crown Court – Суд короны

county Court - суд графства

European court of Justice – Европейский суд

court of appeals – апелляционный суд

justice of the Peace – мировой судья

tribunal – суд, трибунал

coroner’s court – суд коронера

juvenile court – суд по делам несовершеннолетних

violent – насильственный

penalty – наказание

fine - штраф

 

I. Read the text.

English System of Law

There are three separate systems of law in the United Kingdom: the legal systems and law courts of: 1) England and Wales, 2) Scotland, 3) Northern Ireland.

There are some common features to all systems: the sources of law and the distinction between civil law and criminal law. Courts may be classified as criminal courts and civil courts.

The sources of law include: written law (statutes) and unwritten law (based on judicial precedent). We also call the common law as “case law” or “judge made” law. It means that when one judge has decided a point of law, any judge who has the similar set of facts must decide case in the same way as in the earlier judgement. In other words, the judge uses the process of analogy.

English system of law includes:

1. Magistrates’ courts (about 700). Magistrates’ Courts try the majority of all the less Serious criminal cases and some civil cases. Magistrates’ courts are presided over by lay magistrates (called justices of the peace). The courts consist of between 2 to 7 magistrates. It is the lower court or court of first instance.

2.Crown Court – consists of judges, 2 magistrates and jury. It deals with all serious criminal cases. (Indictable offences). It also hears appeals from magistrates’ courts. The accused has the right to trial by jury.

3. County Court – consists of judge and jury. It deals with civil cases, for example, divorce. (Minor claims up to 5000 pounds).

4. The High Court hears all those civil that cannot be decided by County Courts. (More expensive and complicated cases).

5. Court of Appeals – hears both criminal and civil appeals. The appeals system is a necessary safeguard against mistakes and injustice.

6. The House of Lords – is the final appellate tribunal.

There is the Central Criminal Court in London. Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg or the European Court of Human Rights.

The legal system includes juvenile courts, which deal with offenders under 17 and coroners’ courts, which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths. The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is ten. Britain has a serious problem with young offenders. The peak age for committing crime is 15.

The accused must normally appear first before a magistrates’ court. The large majority of all penalties in magistrates’ courts are fines. An accused person has the right to employ a legal advisor.

 

II. Find in the text the English equivalents for the words below:

 

1) общее право,

2) решение суда,

3) уголовный кодекс,

4) гражданский кодекс,

5) мировой судья,

6) Суд Короны,

7) гражданское дело,

8) суды графств,

9) Европейский суд по правам человека,

10) правовая система,

11) суд по делам несовершеннолетних,

12) правонарушитель,

13) насильственная смерть,

14) уголовное дело.

 

III. Work in pairs and discuss the following:

 

Which courts do you think would deal with:

1) a bank robbery?

2) a divorce case?

3) a burglary committed by a fifteen-year-old?

4) a drowning?

5) a drowning?

6) a case of driving too fast?

 

IV. Use the information given above to answer the questions:

 

1) What is the most common type of law court in England and Wales?

2) Name other types of British courts.