Тема 13.1. Мужская и женская преступность

Грамматическая тема: Причастие I и II.

 

I. Study the words and the word-combinations.

 

female – женский

male – мужской

outnumber – превосходить численно

incidence – сфера действия

recorded crime – преступление, зафиксированное в досье преступника

penal system – пенитенциарная система

increase – увеличивать, увеличение

exhibit – показывать

trend – тенденция

criminal justice – уголовное судопроизводство

less likely – менее вероятный

law enforcement agency – правоприменяющий орган

chivalry – рыцарство

 

II. Match the words with their definitions:

 

Outnumber, penal system, chivalry, exhibit, trend

1. to show publicly (for sale, in a competition, etc.)

2. the system which is connected with punishment for various crimes

3. be greater in number than

4. general direction; tendency

5. laws and customs of the knights in the Middle Ages

 

III. Read the text and get ready to speak about male and female criminality.

 

Male criminality and female criminality.

 

Knowledge of the types of people who commit crimes is generally based on studies of those who have been detected, prosecuted, and convicted. A first aspect of criminality is that crime is predominantly a male activity. In all criminal populations men outnumber women by a high proportion. In Britain in 1984, for instance, of 449,000 offenders found guilty of criminal offenses, 387,400 (86 percent) were males; in the same year, the average population of the prisons consisted of 41,822 men and 1,473 women. In most Western societies the incidence (the number of times something bad happens) of recorded crime by women, and the number of women passing through the penal systems, is on the increase; in the United States, for instance, the number of women arrested for property crimes between 1960 and 1976 increased by 276 percent — a significantly higher rate of increase than that exhibited by other groups. A similar trend is shown in English prison statistics: the number of women in prison rose from 538 in 1974 to 941 in 1984, an increase of 75 percent in 10 years. A number of explanations have been offered for this trend. One suggestion is that it reflects a real trend in the commission of crimes by women — that the changing social role of women, with more women leaving the home and taking employment, expecting and achieving financial independence, leads to greater opportunity for crime and to greater temptation. An alternative explanation is that the change in the rate of female criminality merely reflects a change in the operation of the criminal justice system —t hat crimes committed by women are less likely than was previously the case to be ignored by law enforcement agencies out of a sense of chivalry. Even though female criminality appears to be increasing faster than male criminality, it will be many years before women reach the same level of crime as men.

 

IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

 

1) Crime is predominantly a female activity. 2) Men leave behind women in all criminal populations. 3) Women are seldom found guilty of criminal offenses. 4) Few women passed through the penal systems. 5) Women are often arrested for serious crimes. 6) The commission of crimes by women decreased. 7) The changing social role of women leads to greater opportunity for education and upbringing. 8) The change in the rate of male criminality reflects a change in the operation of the criminal justice system. 9) Crimes committed by women were ignored by law enforcement agencies out of a sense of humour. 10) Male criminality increases faster than female one. 11) Women will soon reach the same level of crime as men.

 

V. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

 

Превзойти; тяжкое преступление; уменьшаться; соблазн; воспитание; чувство юмора; женский; мужской; система карательно-исправительных учреждений; увеличивать; увеличение; показывать; тенденция; уголовное судопроизводство; менее вероятный; правоприменяющий орган; превосходить численно; сфера действия; преступление, зафиксированное в досье преступника; рыцарство.

Answer the questions:

 

What is knowledge of the types of people who commit crimes generally based on?

Is crime predominantly a male activity?

Do men outnumber women in all criminal populations?

What is on the increase in most Western societies?

What is shown in English prison statistics?

What is the first explanation for this trend?

What is the second explanation for this trend?

 

VII. Complete the following statements.

Crime is predominantly … 2) Men outnumber … 3) Women are often found guilty of … 4) Many women passed through … 5) Women are often arrested for … 6) The commission of crimes by women … 7) The changing social role of women leads … 8) The change in the rate of female criminality reflects … 9) Crimes committed by women were ignored … 10) Female criminality appears … 11) Women will never reach …

 

Причастия

Причастия – это неличные формы глагола, обладающие свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия и соответствующие формам причастия и деепричастия в русском языке. Причастия в английском языке бывают двух видов – причастие I и причастие II.

Формы причастия I:

Причастие I	Действительный залог	Страдательный залог
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

 

Причастие I в форме Indefinite обозначает действие, которое происходит одновременно с действием глагола-сказуемого: Being an advisor in a bank, he has to make quick decisions. – Работая консультантом в банке, он должен быстро принимать решения. He was trusted entirely, being taken for an honest man. – Ему полностью доверяли, принимая его за честного человека.

Причастие I в форме Perfect обозначает действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого: Having read the book I returned it to the library. – Прочитав книгу, я вернул ее в библиотеку. Having been sent (=Sent) to the wrong address the letter did not reach him. – Так как письмо было послано по неверному адресу, оно не дошло до него.

Причастие I в форме Indefinite от глаголов see, hear, look, seize, turn, leave, arrive, come, enter, pass, open, close и др. может обозначать действие последовательное или предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого: Coming home, I phoned my parents. – Придя домой, я позвонил родителям. Hearing the news, I ran to tell it to everybody. – Услышав новости, я побежал всем их рассказывать. Receiving the telegram, I rang up the director. – Получив телеграмму, я позвонил директору.

Причастие I в форме I ndefinite от глагола be не используется в функции обстоятельства времени: When a child, I liked to sleep a lot. – Когда я был ребенком, я любил много спать. Сравните: Being tired (as he was tired), he went home. – Будучи уставшим, он пошел домой.

Причастие I в форме Perfect не употребляется в функции определения. Русское причастие прошедшего времени с суффиксом – вш- переводится на английский язык придаточным предложением: The sportsman who had been the first to run won the competition. – Спортсмен, прибежавший первым, выиграл соревнование.

Причастие II соответствует третьей основной форме глагола, имеет одну неизменяемую форму со страдательным значением и обозначает действие, которое испытывает на себе лицо или предмет, причем время действия определяется временем действия глагола-сказуемого: The letter written by Melanie was on the table. – Письмо, написанное Мелани, лежало на столе. They offered me a good salary, so of course I was interested. – Они предложили мне хорошую зарплату, поэтому я, безусловно, был заинтересован.

Причастие II обычно употребляется для выражения действия, совершившегося в прошлом, в то время как причастие I Indefinite в страдательном залоге употребляется для выражения действия, совершающегося в настоящий момент или в настоящий период времени: The large structure built in our streetis a new business centre. – Большое здание, построенное на нашей улице, это новый бизнес-центр. The large structure being built in our street is a new business centre. – Большое здание, строящееся на нашей улице, это новый бизнес-центр.

Сравните употребление Причастия I и Причастия II: Jane says her job is boring. – Джейн говорит, что ее работа скучная. Jane says she is bored. – Джейн говорит, что ей скучно. Don’t tell children frightening stories. – Не рассказывай детям пугающие истории. She looks frightened. – Она выглядит испуганной.

 

Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:

 

I love the noise of (falling / fallen) rain.

Most of the people (invited / inviting) to the party didn’t turn up.

(Rejected /Rejecting) by all his friends, he decided to become a monk.

There is a (growing /grown) number of women in the government.

You looked really (annoying / annoyed) when you had to stand in a long queue.

I watched the match because I knew some of the people (played / playing).

I always find it (fascinated / fascinating) to see what people looked like as children.

Being involved in her work she didn’t pay any attention to the (ringing / rung) telephone.

Although (allowing / allowed), it was preferred that workers should not smoke inside.

She is an (interesting / interested) writer, and I’m very (interesting / interested) in the subjects that she writes about.

 

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму причастия.

 

1. (to translate) by a good specialist, the story preserved all the sparkling humour of the original. 2. (to approve) by the critics, the young author’s story was accepted by a thick magazine. 3. (to wait) for some time in the hall, he was invited into the drawing-room. 4. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with the old lady. 5. They reached the oasis at last, (to walk) across the endless desert the whole day. 6. (to lie) down on the soft couch, the exhausted child fell asleep at once. 7. She went to work, (to leave) the child with the nurse. 8. (to phone) the agency, he left (to say) he would be back in two hours. 9. (to write) in very bad handwriting, the letter was difficult to read. 10. (to write) his first book, he could not help worrying about the reaction of the critics. 11. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home. 12. (to be) so far away from home, he still felt himself part of the family. 13. She looked at the enormous bunch of roses with a happy smile, never (to give) such a wonderful present. 14. (not to wish) to discuss that difficult and painful problem, he changed the conversation.

 

3. Употребите причастие I или II.

 

The (to steal) car was found in the woods.

Success in one’s work is a (to satisfy) experience.

The tiger was a (to terrify) sight for the villagers.

The (to terrify) villagers ran for their lives.

I found myself in an (to embarrass) situation last night.

A kid accidentally threw a ball at one of the school windows. Someone needs to repair the (to break) window.

A (to damage) earthquake occurred recently.

People are still in the process of repairing many (to damage) buildings and streets.

I elbowed my way through the (to crowd) room.

No one lives in that (to desert) house except a few ghosts.

The thief tried to open my (to lock) cabinet.

The (to injure) woman was put into an ambulance.

I bought some (to freeze) vegetables at the supermarket.

The (to expect) event did not occur.

A (to grow) child needs a (to balance) diet.

There is an old saying: «Let (to sleep) dogs lie».

At present, the (to lead) candidate in the senatorial race is Henry Moore.

Any (to think) person knows that smoking is a destructive habit.

4. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя требующуюся форму причастия.

 

1. Играя в саду, дети не заметили, что стало темно. 2. Подойдя к двери, он открыл ее. 3. Том подошел к смеющейся девочке. 4. Он положил на стол смятое письмо. 5. Плачущая девочка была голодна. 6. Бабушка смотрела на детей, игравших во дворе. 7. Она любит смотреть на играющих детей. 8. Сделав уроки, дети пошли гулять. 9. Лежа на диване, он читал книгу. 10. Принеся свои игрушки в комнату, ребенок начал играть. 11. Прочитав много книг Диккенса, он хорошо знал этого писателя. 12. Мальчик, бегущий мимо дома, вдруг остановился. 13. Будучи очень занят, он не сразу услышал меня. 14. Услышав шаги, он поднял голову. 15. Выпив чашку чая, она почувствовала себя лучше.

Тест 1

 

1) The gypsy smiled … her teeth.

a) to show c) to showing

b) showing d) having shown

 

2) … the hill, he sat down to have a rest.

a) having climbed c) climb

b) climbing d) having been climbed

 

3) Did you notice him … the house?

a) to leave c) left

b) leaving d) have left

 

4) … pleasures are sweetest.

a) stolen c) to steal

b) stealing d) stole

 

5) I want my shoes ….

a) to clean c) cleaning

b) cleaned d) having cleaned

 

6) The weather becomes ….

a) depressing c) to depress

b) depressed d) depress

 

7) … in the front row, he had an excellent view.

a) sitting c) being sat

b) sat d) had sat

 

8) … his experiment he published a book.

a) having finished c) finished

b) finish d) finishing

 

9) Someone needs to repair the … window.

a) broken c) having broken

b) breaking d) broked

 

10) The … event did not occur.

a) expecting c) expective

b) expected d) expect

 

11) I like to read books … the life of well-known people.

a) describing c) having described

b) described d) having been described

 

12) … photos of the place, I had no desire to go there.

a) having seen c) seeing

b) to see d) had seen

 

13) … a nice girl, she is loved by everybody.

a) being c) been

b) to be d) be

 

14) I want my trousers ….

a) pressed c) pressing

b) to press d) press

 

15) The students … hard know this subject well.

a) working c) are working

b) worked d) have been working

 

16) The people … in the street gave very different opinions.

a) questioning c) being questioning

b) questioned d) having questioned

 

17) My sister … the key, we could not enter the house.

a) having lost c) losing

b) lost d) being lost

 

18) Not … what to do, I telephoned the police.

a) known c) having knowing

b) knowing d) having known

 

19) The state of economy is really … at the moment.

a) worrying c) being worried

b) worried d) being worring

 

20) … my entrance exams, I started working.

a) Failed c) Having failed

b) Failing d) Having been failed

 

21) All afternoon Molly lay in a hammock … a magazine.

a) read c) having reading

b) being read d) reading

 

22) … at 3 o’clock, the financial report then was sent to the director.

a) Completed c) Having completed

b) Completing d) Having been completing

 

23) … hard all day she felt ….

a) Working; exhausting c) Being worked; exhausting

b) Worked; exhausted d) Having worked; exhausted

 

24) With Peter … in Glasgow, and Lucy … most of the week, the house seems pretty empty.

a) working; traveling c) being worked; being traveled

b) worked; traveled d) having worked; having traveled

 

25) … the news she was so … that she didn’t know what to do.

a) Learning; shocking c) Learnt; shocked

b) Having learnt; shocked d) Having been learnt; shocking

 

26) … her pretty well, I realized something was wrong.

a) Having known c) Knowing

b) Being knowing d) Having been known

 

27) I saw a woman …. She was in a terrible state.

a) cried c) having cried

b) crying d) having been cry

 

28) … unable to help in any other way I gave her some money.

a) Being c) Having been

b) Been d) Having being

 

29) I found him … at the table … with papers.

a) sit; covering c) having sit; having covered

b) sitting; having covering d) sitting; covered

 

30) We had to stand in a queue … for the bank to open.

a) wait c) waited

b) having waiting d) waiting