The Great Astrological Light Bulb Joke

How many members of your sign does it take to change a light bulb?

ARIES: Just one. You want to make something of it?

TAURUS: One, but just try to convince them that the burned-out bulb is useless and should be thrown away.

GEMINI: Two, but the job never gets done-they just keep discussing who is supposed to do it and how it's supposed to be done!

CANCER: Just one. But it takes a therapist three years to help them through the grieving process.

LEO: Leos don't change light bulbs, although sometimes their agent will get aVirgo in to do the job for them while they're out.

VIRGO: Approximately 1.000000 with an error of +/- 1 millionth.

LIBRA: Er, two. Or maybe one. No, on second thought, make that two. Is that OK with you?

SCORPIO: That information is strictly secret and shared only with the Enlightened Ones in the Star Chamber of the Ancient Hierarchical Order.

SAGITTARIUS: The sun is shining, the day is young, we've got our whole lives ahead of us, and you're inside worrying about a stupid burned-out light bulb?

CAPRICORN: I don't waste my time with these childish jokes.

AQUARIUS: Well, you have to remember that everything is energy, so....

PISCES: Light bulb? What light bulb?

 

 

III-2

Неологизмы

В практике переводческой работы заметное место занимает проблема перевода неологизмов, т. e. новых слов, появившихся в языке в связи с развитием общественной жизни и возникновением новых понятий.

Особенно много неологизмов появляется в научно-техническом языке в результате бурного прогресса науки и техники.

Так, например, в русском языке в период появления и развития авиации возникли слова: самолет, летчик, приземляться, воздушная яма и др.

Появление радио привело к возникновению таких слов, как: радиоприемник, радиопомеха, радировать и др.

Развитие атомной энергии принесло с собой новые термины: атомоход, дезактивация, дозиметр и др.

В английском языке примерами неологизмов могут служить слова, появившиеся сравнительно недавно:

televiewer	телезритель
atomic pile	атомный реактор
half-life	период полураспада
tracer atom	меченый атом
to dieselize	установить дизель, оборудовать дизелем

Очевидно, что такие слова воспринимаются как неологизмы только до тех пор, пока выражаемые ими понятия не станут привычными, после чего они прочно входят в словарный состав и уже не воспринимаются как новые.

Следует отметить, что неологизмы, как правило, возникают на базе существующей языковой традиции, используя имеющиеся уже в языке словообразовательные средства.

Так, например, отмеченный выше неологизм атомоход, возникший в языке в связи с реализацией плана постройки атомного ледокола, морфологически состоит из существовавших и ранее в языке компонентов атом + ход и создан по образцу слов пароход, теплоход, электроход.

Английский неологизм—глагол to dieselize образован из соединения старого слова diesel и продуктивного суффикса -ize (означающего приведение в определенное состояние) по образцу слов: to equalize, to organize.

Среди неологизмов изредка встречаются и искусственно созданные, придуманные слова, например: nylon, но число их в языке совершенно ничтожно и они не играют заметной роли.

Основными способами образования неологизмов в английском языке являются следующие:

1) Создание новых слов на базе имеющихся в языке продуктивных словообразовательных средств, например, отмеченное уже выше слово to dieselize.

2) Переосмысление уже существующих в языке слов и придание им специального значения. Так, слово egg яйцо получило в последнее время и специальное значение авиабомба.

3) Заимствования из других языков. Заимствование может быть прямым (фонетическим) и калькированием, например:

kolkhos (прямое заимствование)

collective farm (калька)

4) Сокращения. За последнее время в английском языке усилилась тенденция образовывать новые слова путем сокращения существующих слов или словосочетаний, например:

radar (radio detection and ranging)

Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg)

Иногда сокращается только первая часть словосочетания:

V-day (Victory day)

H-bomb (hydrogen bomb)

5) Отыменные глаголы. В современном английском языке широкое распространение получили так называемые отыменные глаголы, то есть глаголы, образованные от имен существительных, называющих определенное действие.

Эти отыменные образования закономерно вошли в состав языка и указываются словарем под соответствующей глагольной пометой, например:

plan (v)	составлять план, планировать
ship (v)	грузить, производить посадку

Перевод таких глаголов не представляет трудностей. Однако нужно учитывать, что этот способ образования глагола от существительного является продуктивным в современном английском языке и служит одним из источников появления неологизмов.

Авторы нередко прибегают к нему, используя самые различные существительные и создавая совершенно новые глаголы, которых мы не найдем в словаре.

Значение таких отыменных новообразований может быть правильно понято только в определенном контексте путем сопоставления со значением исходного существительного, например:

The delegates were planed to the conference last night.

Глагол planed образован от существительного plane самолет.

Назначение пассажирского самолета заключается в перевозке людей; исходя из этого мы переводим данное предложение:

Вчера вечером делегаты были отправлены на конференцию самолетом.

Другой пример:

The tree trunks were tractored to the river bank to be floated then downstream.

Назначение трактора — буксирование повозок и стволов деревьев, отсюда перевод предложения:

Стволы деревьев были отбуксированытрактором к берегу реки с тем, чтобы затем сплавить их вниз по реке.

Еще примеры:

The river is bridged in two places.	На реке имеется два моста.
The rioters were machine-gunned by the police.	Полиция обстреляла бунтовщиков из пулемета.

Нередко подобные образования от существительных, оформленные суффиксом -ed, употребляются в функции определений.

There are several multi-storeyed buildings in Moscow.	В Москве имеется несколько высотных зданий.
We saw а two-funelled steamer.	Мы увидели двухтрубный пароход.

Проблема правильного понимания и перевода неологизмов связана с тем, что при современном стремительном развитии науки и техники никакой словарь не в состоянии поспеть за возникновением новых слов и терминов в различных областях знания.

Поэтому, если в тексте встречается неологизм, отсутствующий в словаре, переводчик обязан самостоятельно определить его значение, учитывая словообразовательные элементы данного слова и опираясь на контекст, например:

Jet propelled planes consume enormous quantities of propellant.

В данном предложении мы встречаем новое слово propellant, которого нет в общем словаре и значение которого требуется установить.

Отделяем в слове суффикс -ant и находим исходную форму propel (отбросив вторую букву l).

Отыскиваем в словаре значение слова propel в качестве глагола: продвигать вперед, приводить в движение двигать

Учитывая, что суффикс -ant образует существительные от глагола, определяем примерное значение слова propellant как:

то, что приводит в движение

Исходя из контекста, подбираем наиболее подходящее значение: горючее. После этого производим перевод всего предложения:

Реактивные самолеты поглощают огромное количество горючего.

Если неологизм представляет собой обычное слово, но употребленное в специальном терминологическом смысле, то, очевидно, единственным способом установления его значения остается опора на контекст, на общее содержание переводимого отрывка.

В предложении:

This proved to be an Arab film, but as it was dubbed into English we were able to enjoy the smartness and vividity of its dialogues.

мы встречаем неологизм dubbed, значение которого — дублировать фильм, —легко устанавливается из контекста, после чего перевод предложения не вызывает затруднений:

Этот фильм оказался арабским, но т.к. он был дублирован на английский, мы смогли насладиться остроумием и живостью его диалогов.

Значение отыменных глаголов, как было указано выше, должно выводиться из значения исходных существительных при обязательной ориентировке на контекст. При переводе неологизмов-заимствований основным средством раскрытия значения слова является контекст и, конечно, словарь того языка, из которого заимствовано данное слово.

Упражнение

Переведите следующие предложения, определив самостоятельно значение выделенных слов и выражений:

1. The German High Command planned a lightning war against the Soviet Union with view to crush the Red army within few weeks after the beginning of hostilities, but this proved to be a fatal blunder of the German strategy.

2. US land and naval forces operated under strong air umbrella, which accounts for much lighter losses as compared with Iraqis.

3. Prefabs are generally used instead of conventional building material when rapid erection of houses is required.

4. In the atomic burst, it is the fall-out that is no less harmful for both people and material than the blast and flash burn hazards.

5. A big four-decked merchantman was shored by a heavy storm a few days ago off the Cape Horn.

6. Both A-bomb and H-bomb are the weapons of mass destruction and therefore we insist on stopping all A-tests and H-tests.

7. It was a handsome man; he clerked at some forwarding department and roomed a very small lodging not far from his office.

8. Nadya Pryakhina, a well-known chute jumper, is particularly keen on delayed jumps;

today she has made her second delay-drop of 15 seconds.

9. London busmen went on strike demanding the 15 shillings-a-week increase of pay.

10. Several leaders of the strike were clubbed and then questionized at the police station.

11. Scientists developed new weapons for aircraft, particularly air-to-air and air-to-surface atomic missiles.

12. Before World War II distinct signs of westernisation were clearly visible in the educational system of India.

Практикум

A

A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ATOM GAS (2DAG) has been optically trapped for the first time. Two-dimensional arrays of particles are rare: 2-dimensional electron gases (2DEG) are at the heart of the quantum Hall effect, and planar sprinklings of atoms at the surface of a superfluid have been studied. But only now have physicists been able to trap atoms in a quasi-2-dimensional pancake only 200 nm thick about 800 nm above a gold substrate. Harald Gauck and his colleagues at the University of Konstanz use a battery of lasers to cool and confine argon atoms in what is essentially a planar resonant cavity for atom waves. By shaping the local light fields, the researchers hope to fashion planar structures such as miniaturized atom interferometers and even one-dimensional atom waveguides. The planar gas of argon atoms is not dense enough to fall into a Bose-Einstein condensate, but the Konstanz optics setup might lend itself to achieving eventually a 2D condensate.

THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN EUROPE. Human behavior is much more complicated than the behavior of atoms, liquids, or planets. Nevertheless, physicists and mathematicians have attempted to apply their equations in the social sphere; recent examples recounted in Physics News Update include such topics as the arms race, economics, bird flocking, and the making of group decisions. Now two Spanish physicists have applied diffusion/reaction equations - governing, say, the diffusion of one fluid through another with due allowance for chemical reactions along the way - to the diffusion of agricultural technology into Europe in the early centuries of the Neolithic epoch roughly 10,000 years ago. Such an effort had been tried before, but the model predictions poorly matched the observed anthropological, linguistic, and genetic data. According to Joaquim Fort of the University of Girona, a much better match can be achieved by using equations with additional "time-delay" terms of the type used successfully to model the spread of forest fires and epidemics. In the case of human migration a time delay factor would reflect the fact that generally the offspring of migrating farmers must grow to adulthood before they themselves "diffuse" outwards. Fort believes that mathematical modeling will become even more important to anthropology and history, but only in concert with high-quality data from fieldwork.

RELATIVISTIC SLEIGH RIDE. The December 11 issue of Fermi News seeks to answer the perennial question of how Santa Claus can, in the course of a single night, deliver gifts to each of the world's 2 billion children. Even if a full-scale quantum computer were to work out the optimum course plan St. Nick must still cover a flight path of some 160 million km and stop at 800 million homes along the way. How does he do it? By traveling at close to the speed of light, of course, which, incidentally, also explains why (thanks to time dilation) Santa never seems to age. The Fermi News article helpfully addresses such questions as to how it is that the fat fellow can fit into Lorentz-contracted chimneys in the first place and how one can determine the color of the Doppler-shifted light emitted by Rudolph-the-rednosed-reindeer at sleigh velocities approaching the speed of light.

WIRE-GUIDED ATOMS. The development of "atom optics" is part of the effort to store, guide, focus, reflect, and perform calculations with atoms in analogy with the ways electrons are used in electronics and photons in photonics. In a new innovation cold lithium atoms from a magneto-optic trap (MOT) were nudged in the direction of a thin current-carrying wire. Although the atoms are neutral, they still feel the magnetic force field, which can be used to send the atoms in two types of trajectory. In one case the atoms spiral in "Kepler" like orbits around and along the wire. In the second case the use of an extra field helps to create a "potential tube" parallel to the wire in which the atoms are guided along the side of the wire. This second guide is especially interesting since the wires can be mounted on a surface, allowing for easy miniaturization of these guides and traps. Physicists at the University of Innsbruck expect that this will allow them to design guides and traps for cold atoms with a variety of different geometries. These can be used to manipulate atoms from Bose-Einstein condensates, or serve as beam splitters or interferometers for guided atoms. Even more complicated integrated atom optics devices and networks, similar to integrated circuits for electrons, can be devised. Some mesoscopic experiments, which now use electrons in solids, might, with this new atom optics tool, be able to use guided atoms moving above a surface.

HOLOGRAMS OF TRANSISTOR INTERIORS can provide maps of electrostatic potentials in that crucial zone beneath the transistor's gate, where the passage of electrons from emitter to drain can be made difficult or easy, just as a water tap can switch a faucet on and off. Why are such maps necessary? "Within a decade, integrated circuits will consist of transistors 150 atoms long and 50 atoms deep," according to researchers at the Institute for Semiconductor Physics in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, and knowledge of the precise whereabouts of dopant atoms will be vital. To this end, the Frankfurt scientists can now produce a subsurface sectional map of the transistor. Electron waves from a transmission electron microscope (in which the quantum wavelike properties of electrons are more important than their particle properties) pass through the thin transistor, where they scatter slightly. These waves are recombined with some unscattered electron waves to form a holographic signal, which encodes information about local conditions throughout the section. The electron data can be processed into 2-dimensional images with 10-nm resolution and high sensitivity.

A SINGLE-PHOTON TURNSTILE, a device in which photons are emitted one at a time under controlled circumstances, has been created by a team of scientists from Stanford (US), Hamamatsu Photonics (Japan), and NTT (Japan). Essentially the researchers use the quantization of electrical conductance to produce a quantization of photon emission. They put together a quantum well (the frontier between two thin semiconductor layers) containing a single electron (other electrons are dissuaded from entering because of a "Coulomb blockade" effect) with a quantum well containing a lone (comparably Coulomb blockaded) hole, and then cycle the voltage across the whole stack of layers in such a way that the lone electron and lone hole meet, mate, and make a lone photon. The resulting device, which operates at mK temperatures, is typically a tiny post some 700 nm tall and with a diameter of 200-1000 nm.

B

'We did not hang around to see if the gun worked'

John Aglionby in Dili
Saturday September 4, 1999

The sound of the smack across my friend's face echoed like a gunshot. I whipped round to see her clutching her left ear and a fiery man shouting at her: "Get out you foreign dog."

This appeared to be a signal to the six men with him to attack us, five journalists investigating an attack by pro-Jakarta militias yesterday morning on the pro-independence suburb of Becora in the East Timor capital, Dili. Another man pulled out a pistol. It was only a homemade gun but we did not hang around to see if it would work. Should I have left with the journalists who at that moment were packing their bags to evacuate on a BBC charter flight?

Several of the militiamen followed us briefly but, thankfully, made no serious attempt to prevent our escape. Even more passive were the dozen members of the police's crack mobile brigade, all armed with automatic rifles and bayonets. The officers made no attempt to intervene at any time: they did nothing when the militiamen barged though their ranks, heading for us, or when the assault began.

The words of UN spokesman David Wimhurst ran through my mind. "The performance of the Indonesian police has been totally inadequate since polling day."

That was Monday, when 98.6% of East Timorese adults voted, mostly peacefully, on whether to remain part of Indonesia or choose independence.

Since then peace has been hard to find anywhere in the former Portuguese colony, invaded by Indonesia in 1975.

I last left Dili on Wednesday afternoon, to go to the village of Hera 10 miles away, where four people were reportedly killed by militiamen.

The local people described how the militiamen pulled four graduates of the local polytechnic from their car the previous day and took them away. Ten hours later they were dead. The one man who saw the assault is now in hiding, nursing a smashed head and broken arm.

Hate campaign

Far right sets sights on Brandenburg

Ian Traynor in Berlin
Saturday September 4, 1999

"No more money for foreigners"; "Don't let the bigshots make a pig of you"; "German money for German workers."

In hundreds of thousands of posters, these neo-Nazi messages of hate and rage are plastered everywhere in the small, depressed east German state of Brandenburg ahead of tomorrow's election - a vote that threatens to inflict a humiliating defeat on Chancellor Gerhard Schrцder's governing Social Democrats.

The vote could also see the neo-fascists entering the state parliament in Potsdam for the first time since Germany's unification almost a decade ago.

The mass poster and mailshot campaign is the work of a reclusive millionaire Munich publisher and neo-Nazi leader, Gerhard Frey, who has spent almost ё1m in Brandenburg in hopes of repeating last year's stunning success in taking 13% of the vote in neighbouring Saxony-Anhalt.

Mr Frey's political vehicle is the DVU, or German People's Union, a phantom political outfit that exists purely by his grace and favour. Its campaign features no public rallies, no debating, no manifestos, and few public faces. Just posters and letters. Yet, pollsters say that the DVU is hovering near the 5% threshold needed to enter the state legislature.

The neo-Nazi vote is notoriously hard to gauge, but Brandenburg is fertile ground for the extreme right - at least 20% of its 2.6m people are unemployed, there is widespread hostility to foreigners, and the state has the worst record in Germany for racist violence.

Its interior minister, Alwin Ziel, reported this week that so far this year there have been 33 acts of serious violence, many of them against immigrants. When councillors in the town of Fьrstenwalde stood in silence to mark the death of an Algerian asylum-seeker who was hounded to his death by skinheads, the neo-Nazi councillor, Danilo Wilke, remained seated, nonchalantly reading the extremist German Voice. Most of the state's 56,000 foreigners stay in after dark and avoid public transport.

"Unfortunately, xenophobia here has become routine," said Brandenburg's prime minister, Manfred Stolpe, the regional baron for Mr Schrцder's SPD.

Mr Stolpe has abandoned hope of retaining the 54% majority he seized in 1994, and if the neo-Nazis surmount the 5% hurdle he will, at best, have to seek a coalition partner.

The neo-Nazis' electoral chances are usually hurt by bickering and splintering of their constituency between the three main vehicles - the DVU, the Republicans, and the National Democratic Party, which marshals the skinheads and street bullies.

But this time in Brandenburg, the DVU and the Republicans have a pact that the Republicans will stand down.

"We will succeed in defeating the far-right extremists if all the democratic parties pool their efforts," said Mr Ziel, a Social Democrat.

But there is little chance of that. The Christian Democrat opposition leader, Jцrg Schцnbohm, has even been fishing for the neo-Nazi vote himself.

C

Barbie

A man walks into a store to buy a Barbie doll for his daughter.

"How much is that Barbie in the window?" he asks the shop assistant.

In a condescending manner she responds, "Which Barbie?

We have...

- Barbie Goes to the Gym for $19.95

- Barbie Goes to the Ball for $19.95

- Barbie Goes Shopping for $19.95

- Barbie Goes to the Beach for $19.95

- Barbie Goes Nightclubbing for $19.95

- and Divorced Barbie for $265.00."

The guy asks, "Why is Divorced Barbie $265.00 when all the others are only $19.95?"

"That's obvious," the assistant states, "Divorced Barbie comes with Ken's house, Ken's car, Ken's boat, Ken's furniture..."

A minister dies and is waiting in line at the Pearly Gates. Ahead of him is a guy who's dressed in sunglasses, a loud shirt, leather jacket, and jeans.

Saint Peter addresses this guy, "Who are you, so that I may know whether or not to admit you to the Kingdom of Heaven?" The guy replies, "I'm Joe Cohen, taxi-driver, of Noo Yawk City." Saint Peter consults his list. He smiles and says to the taxi-driver, "Take this silken robe and golden staff and Enter the Kingdom." The taxi-driver goes into Heaven with his robe and staff.

Next it's the minister's turn. He stands erect and booms out, "I am Joseph Snow, pastor of Saint Mary's for the last 43 years." Saint Peter consults his list. He says to the minister, "Take this cotton robe and wooden staff and enter the Kingdom." "Just a minute," says the minister. "That man was a taxi-driver and he gets a silken robe and golden staff. How can this be?"

"Up here, we work by results," says Saint Peter.

"While you preached, people slept; while he drove, people prayed."

Once, in a small town, lived a man named Jack. Everyone in town knew Jack as a very optimistic person. Jack, whenever placed in a terrible situation would say, 'It could have been worse.'

Everyone in the town was tired of hearing Jack say that so one day they decided to lie to Jack.

They went up to him and said, 'Jack, the baker Bob found his wife in bed with another man last night! He shot the man and then himself! Isn't it terrible???'

Then Jack said, 'Well, yes it's terrible, but it could've been worse!' The townspeople said, 'How could THAT possibly be worse?'

Then Jack replied, 'Well, if it had been the night before I would've been dead!'

Before You Get Married

"Honey," said a husband to his wife, "I invited a friend home for supper."

"What? Are you crazy? The house is a mess, I didn't go shopping, all the dishes are dirty, and I don't feel like cooking a fancy meal!"

"I know all that."

"Then why did you invite a friend for supper?"

"Because the poor fool's thinking about getting married."

A group of Americans was touring Ireland. One of the women in the group was a real curmudgeon, constantly complaining. The bus seats are uncomfortable. The food is terrible. It's too hot. It's too cold. The accommodations are awful.

The group arrived at the site of the famous Blarney Stone. "Good luck will be followin' ya all your days if you kiss the Blarney Stone," the guide said. "Unfortunately, it's being cleaned today and so no one will be able to kiss it. Perhaps we can come back tomorrow."

"We can't be here tomorrow," the nasty woman shouted. "We have some other boring tour to go on. So I guess we can't kiss the stupid stone."

"Well now," the guide said, "it is said that if you kiss someone who has kissed the stone, you'll have the same good fortune."

"And I suppose you've kissed the stone," the woman scoffed.

"No, ma'am," the frustrated guide said, "but I've sat on it."

 

III-3

Выбор лексического варианта

Одной из основных задач переводчика при работе над английским текстом является отыскание в русском языке соответствий для переводимых английских слов.

Надежным помощником при этом оказывается англо - русский словарь.

Первый этап этой работы состоит в определении принадлежности незнакомого слова к той или иной части речи с помощью грамматического анализа (См. раздел "Анализ и перевод простого предложения").

После того, как выяснено, какой частью речи является искомое слово, задача переводчика сводится к отысканию в словаре лексического соответствия под определенной словарной пометой.

Часть английских слов имеет русские эквиваленты, т. е. постоянные лексические соответствия, точно совпадающие со значением переводимого слова и не зависящие от контекста.

Чаще всего эквиваленты находятся в области терминологической лексики, например:

oxygen	кислород
ion	ион

Нужно, однако, иметь в виду, что для большинства английских слов словарь приводит целый ряд аналогов, из которых требуется выбрать наиболее подходящий по значению. Так, например, для слова test в функции существительного словарь дает следующий ряд аналогов:

испытание, мерило, критерий, исследование, проба анализ, реакция, реактив, контрольная работа

Очевидно, что выбор наиболее подходящего значения из такого ряда аналогов может быть сделан только на основе контекста, т. е. законченного в смысловом отношении отрывка письменной речи, в котором находится переводимое слово.

Для раскрытия значения английского слова обычно бывает достаточно узкого контекста, т. е. ближайшего лексического окружения слова в пределах одного предложения.

Рассмотрим для примера несколько предложений, содержащих слово test:

The theory of phlogiston could not stand the test of time and was finally abandoned at the end of the 18th century.	Теория флогистона не смогла выдержать испытания временем и к концу 18 века была окончательно оставлена.
A solution of barytes represents a most delicate test for detecting the presence of carbon dioxide.	Раствор барита является чрезвычайно чувствительным реактивом для определения присутствия двуокиси углерода.
The test offered to the students contained several sentences for translation.	Контрольная работа, данная студентам, содержала несколько предложений для перевода.

Исходя из контекста этих трех предложений, мы выбрали по словарю для каждого из них соответствующий перевод слова test:

испытание

реактив

контрольная работа

Вполне понятно, что словарь не может отразить всего лексического богатства и разнообразия языка, и возможны случаи, когда ни один из предлагаемых словарем аналогов не является вполне подходящим для данного контекста.

Рассматривая предложение:

Engels states that nature is the test of dialectics,

мы обнаруживаем, что в ряду аналогов, предлагаемых словарем и рассмотренных нами выше, нет значения вполне приемлемого для передачи слова test.

Обращение к богатству русского словаря позволяет найти аналог, с помощью которого, мы и переводим предложение:

Энгельс указывает, что природа является пробным камнем диалектики.

Для существительного meal например, мы найдем в словаре только два значения:

принятие пищи

еда,

а между тем при переводе это слово может быть передано как завтрак, обед или ужин в зависимости от ситуации, раскрываемой контекстом. Мы видим, таким образом, что иногда словарь может указать лишь общее семантическое направление, на основе которого переводчик должен самостоятельно подобрать нужное слово перевода.

Ориентировка на узкий контекст в отдельных случаях бывает недостаточной для раскрытия значения слова, и тогда необходимо обратиться к широкому контексту в виде абзаца, или еще более длинного отрезка текста.

С таким случаем мы нередко встречаемся при переводе газетных заголовков.

Рассмотрим заголовок:

Conservative Party Advertising Campaign

Учитывая эллиптическое построение английских заголовков с опущением ряда второстепенных элементов, допустимо предположить, что приведенный заголовок имеет следующее значение:

The Conservative Party is Advertising the Campaign.

Консервативная партия оповещает о проведении кампании.

Возможно, однако, что заголовок представляет собой атрибутивное сочетание со значением:

Пропагандистская кампания консервативной партии.

Для уточнения перевода обращаемся к тексту заметки и читаем:

It was announced recently that the Conservative Party would be reorganizing publicity. The main innovation is that regular advertisements will be appearing in Sunday newspapers from to-morrow. Thus the Conservative Party is to launch a new propaganda campaign.

Теперь становится ясным, что второй вариант перевода заголовка соответствует содержанию статьи и поэтому является правильным.

В некоторых случаях, при отсутствии подходящих аналогов, приходится прибегать к описательному переводу, т.e. к свободной передаче смыслового содержания переводимого слова или словосочетания, например:

coil gradient	перепад температуры между катушкой и окружающим маслом
hydraulic water	вода, поступающая в гидравлический классификатор
energy factor	коэффициент остроты настройки

Упражнения

1. Руководствуясь контекстом, найдите в словаре нужные значения выделенных слов и переведите предложения:

А.

Electric power can easily be transferred over long- distance from the power - plant.

The important task of preserving peace lies mainly with the Great Powers.

As long as the Conservative Party remains in power in England no betterment of living conditions for the working class there can be expected since this Party is not in power to solve the most pressing economic problems of the day.

5 to the second power is equal to 25.

B.

An electromotive force is produced when a conductor cuts magnetic lines of force.

The peace proposals of our delegation were in line with the peaceful policy of the Russian Government.

The Iraqi Government took a strong line in its negotiations with the Western Powers.

I know by heart many lines of Pushkin's works, especially his lyric poems.

C.

Under the influence of heat the substance passed from a solid into a liquid state.

The artificial satellite appeared over Moscow at 6.50 a.m. and then quickly passed out of sight.

Our ship passed the Suez Canal at noon.

The Conference passed a resolution calling for the immediate banning of nuclear tests.

The student successfully passed all his examinations.

II. Руководствуясь контекстом, установите значение глагола to get в каждом отдельном случае и переведите текст:

HOW I GOT THE TICKET

(В данном тексте нарочито подобраны выражения с использованием глагола to get.)

As soon as I had got your letter in which you were asking me to get a ticket for "Hamlet," I got on horseback and went to town. Before I got there, I had to get across the river. I got wet through and I have got such a cold that I shall not be able to get rid of it in a week or so. Having got to the town I first of all got shaved and dressed and then got into the booking office to get a ticket for the play.

Unfortunately, I was not able to get the ticket that very evening; however I got to know there that I should most likely get one the next morning.

I got out and went home. As soon as I got there, I got my supper and then got to bed.

I got up at 7 o'clock in the morning, got my breakfast and then got myself dressed that I might get out in time to get the ticket.

After I have got it I got into the tram and about 10 o'clock I got home.

So I got through with your errand; I have got the desired ticket, which you may get at any time you like.

Практикум

А

ZERO-POINT MOTION IN A BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE has been quantitatively measured for the first time, allowing researchers, in effect, to study matter at a temperature of absolute zero. According to quantum mechanics, objects cooled to absolute zero do not freeze to a complete standstill; instead, they jiggle around by some minimum amount. MIT researchers measured such "zero-point motion" in sodium BEC, a collection of gas atoms that are collectively in the lowest possible energy state. According to Ketterle, "the condensate has no entropy and behaves like matter at absolute zero."

The MIT physicists measured the motion (or lack thereof) by taking advantage of the fact that atoms absorb light at slightly lower (higher) frequencies if they are moving away from (towards) the light. To determine these Doppler shifts (100 billion times smaller than those of moving galaxies), the researchers used a technique known as Bragg scattering. In this technique, atoms absorb photons at one energy from a laser beam and are stimulated by a second laser to emit a photon at another energy, which can be shifted upward, or downward depending on the atoms' motion towards or away from the lasers. Measuring the range in energies of the emitted photons allowed the researchers to determine the range of momentum values in the condensate. Multiplying this measured momentum spread (delta p) by the size of the condensate (delta x) gave an answer of approximately h-bar (Planck's constant divided by 2 pi)--the minimum value allowed by Heisenberg's uncertainty relation and quantum physics. While earlier BECs surely harvested this zero-point motion, previous measurements of BEC momentum spreads were done with exploding condensates having energies hundreds of times larger than the zero-point energy.

ACOUSTIC-DEPENDENT FRICTION. Studies of friction are often carried out at modest relative speeds: the two moving surfaces in question typically slide past each other at 1 cm/s.

However, researchers at UCLA wondered if new mechanisms might appear when surfaces slide against each other at higher velocities, such as those associated with friction between tectonic plates during earthquakes.

Observing the jerky "stick-slip" motion of a steel block riding on a rotating steel table, the researchers carefully measured the friction forces for relative velocities up to 0.35 m/s, by monitoring the expansion and compression in a spring attached to the steel block. At these high velocities, they noted that the significantly increased production of sound waves (largely neglected in past analyses) dissipates a large amount of energy, stealing away some of the energy of motion required for two surfaces to slide past each other and thereby amounting to an increase in friction. This suggests that the generation of sound waves between two sliding fault surfaces during an earthquake may provide a significant feedback mechanism that mitigates a quake's effects, by converting energy of motion (friction which might otherwise have caused fracturing in the Earth) into sound energy.

B

What's At Steak in the Euro-American Trade War
by Ian Cooper

Whenever a quarrel erupts between the U.S. and another country, it inevitably creates a furore in the other country - with extended rants against American imperialism - but often passes with no media attention whatsoever in the U.S. itself. Americans may therefore be forgiven for being blissfully unaware that they are now in a full-blown trade war with the European Union.

Last week, in a little town in France, 150 farmers occupied a McDonald's restaurant. I kid you not. They were protesting against the retaliatory tariffs newly imposed by the U.S. (along with Canada, alas) on some European luxury products such as foie gras, Roquefort cheese and Dijon mustard. The farmers put up posters that said, "No hormones in foie gras country."

Without going into the - very complex - details, there are, in fact, four separate and ongoing disputes, concerning four products the Americans are selling which the Europeans don't want to buy: hormone-treated beef (the cause of the present spat), genetically modified foods, dairy hormones, and bananas. Apparently, it is a top priority for this U.S. government to make the world safe for... drugged-up cows.

The interesting thing to me is that three of these disputes arise from a European distrust of American high-tech food; collectively they illustrate some important differences in gastronomic attitudes on either side of the Atlantic. (I cannot, however, find any deep cultural meaning in the dispute over bananas.) To defend their resistance, the Europeans cite three high-minded concerns: public health, animal welfare, and the environment. In response, the Americans assert that high-tech food is not only safe but in fact a great boon to mankind; they accuse Europe of thinly disguised protectionism.

For the record, it is my opinion that the Europeans' stated concerns have merit; these foods have not been proven to be safe. (It should be noted also that the Europeans do not exactly have a perfect public health record, having had a number of food scares recently.) But I think that the real reason behind the European intransigence is not as high-minded as they would have us believe; on the other hand, it is not mere protectionism.

The fact is, Europeans are snobs about food. And they feel particularly superior to Americans, whom they believe to be about as discriminating as three-year-olds when it comes to what they put in their mouths. The European attitude of culinary superiority translates into a general conservatism about farming methods, and an inherent distrust of anything new-fangled, especially from the U.S.

One can't help but suspect that the trans-Atlantic rift is more about culture than about agriculture. Europeans reject hormonally enhanced American beef not because they think it is hazardous or morally wrong but because it is tasteless. It is essentially the same reason that they reject, say, tasteless Hollywood movies with hormonally enhanced stars.

If you want proof that any European animal-welfare argument is disingenuous, then look at foie gras, one of the targets of the new American tariffs. It is a pate of goose liver, involving the "traditional" method of force-feeding the unfortunate creature until its liver balloons to many times its normal size. (Delicious, by the way; try it on toast.)

Put simply, Europeans resist pumping their cattle with hormones not because they want to make Elsie's time on earth that much more pleasant, but because they love a good steak.

Americans do love a good steak as well; but they don't seem to mind their steak from a pumped-up Nietzchean Supercow, or their milk from a Frankenstein Holstein, or their tomatoes from a genetic laboratory. For some reason - lack of information, lack of choice, or both - Americans have a much higher tolerance for food that has been pesticized, hybridized, genetically modified, and hormonally enhanced to the point of tastelessness.

(I exaggerate, of course. There is one group of American consumers who are very well informed about farming methods, and care deeply about the way livestock are treated. They're called Vegetarians. Unfortunately, they are the one group, which has no leverage with beef producers.)

American attitudes may yet be changing. A growing market in organic milk (free of hormones, pesticides and antibiotics) is one indication that Americans are questioning the dubious products which agribusiness shoves down their throats.

But for now, let's have three cheers for the European Union. Their finicky feelings about food at least provide one effective defense against the relentless juggernaut of bioengineering. I hope they keep up the fight, even if it means I have to pay a little more for fancy mustard in the meantime.

C

Top 10 Things you'll NEVER hear a woman say, that men would love to hear

10. You know, I've been complaining a lot lately. I don't blame you for ignoring me.

9. The new girl in my office is a stripper. I invited her over for dinner on Friday.

8. While you were in the bathroom, they went for it on fourth down and missed. If they can hold them to a field goal, they'll still cover.

7. Bar food again?? Kick ass!!

6. I liked that wedding even more than ours. Your ex-girlfriend has class.

5. I love hearing stories about your old girlfriends. Tell me more.

4. Let's just leave the toilet seat up all the time; then you won't have to mess with it anymore.

3. It's only the third quarter; you should order a couple more pitchers.

2. I'm so happy with my new hairstyle, I don't think I'll ever change it again.

1. I love when my pillow smells like your cigars and scotch. You passed out before brushing your teeth again, ya big silly!

A State Trooper pulls a car over on a lonely back road and approaches the blonde lady driver. "Ma'am, is there a reason that you're weaving all over the road?" The woman replied, "Oh officer, thank goodness you're here! I almost had an accident. I looked up and there was a tree right in front of me. I swerved to the left and there was another tree in front of me. I swerved to the right and there was another tree in front of me!" Reaching through the side window to the rear view mirror, the officer replied, "Ma'am... that's your air freshener."

A football coach walked into the locker room before a game, looked over to his star player and said, "I'm not supposed to let you play since you failed math, but we need you in there. So, what I have to do is ask you a math question, and if you get it right, you can play." The player agreed, so coach looked into his eyes intently and asked, "Okay, now concentrate hard and tell me the answer to this. What is two plus two?" The player thought for a moment and then answered, "4?" "Did you say 4?" the coach exclaimed, excited that he had got it right. Suddenly all the other players on the team began screaming..., "Come on coach, give him another chance!"

School Daze

Two college seniors had a week of exams coming up. They decided to party instead. Their biggest exam was on Wednesday and they showed up telling the professor that their car had broken down the night before due to a very flat tire and they needed a bit more time to study. The professor told them that they could have another day to study. That evening, both of the boys crammed all night until they were sure that they knew just about everything. Arriving to class the next morning, each boy was told to go to separate classrooms to take the exam. Each shrugged and went to two different parts of the building. As each sat down, they read the first question. "For 5 points, explain the contents of an atom." At this point, they both thought that this was going to be a piece of cake, and answered the question with ease. Then, the test continued. "For 95 points, tell me which tire it was."

RULES OF THE AIRWAYS

Takeoff's are optional. Landings are mandatory.

• Flying is not dangerous; crashing is dangerous.
• Speed is life, altitude is life insurance. No one has ever collided with the sky.
• The only time you have too much fuel is when you're on fire.
• Flying is the second greatest thrill known to man.. Landing is the first!
• Everyone knows a 'good' landing is one from which you can walk away.
  But a 'great landing is one after which you can use the airplane again.
• The probability of survival is equal to the angle of arrival.
• Was that a landing or were we shot down?
• Learn from the mistakes of others.
  You won't live long enough to make all of them yourself.
• Trust your captain.... but keep your seat belt securely fastened.
• Be nice to your first officer, he may be your captain at your next airline.
• Any attempt to stretch fuel is guaranteed to increase headwind.
• A pilot is a confused soul who talks about women when he's flying, and about flying when he's with a woman.
• Try to keep the number of your landings equal to the number of your takeoffs.
• There are old pilots, and there are bold pilots, but there are no old, bold, pilots!
• Gravity never loses! The best you can hope for is a draw!
• Gravity SUCKS!!

 

 

III-4

Многофункциональные служебные слова

Следующие широко употребляемые служебные слова обладают способностью выполнять различные функции в предложении:

That

а) указательное местоимение тот, та, то:

Give me that book please.

Дайте мне ту книгу, пожалуйста!

б) относительное местоимение который (-ая, -ое) (обычно ставится после существительного):

It was a problem that greatly interested our scientists.

Это была проблема, которая сильно заинтересовала наших ученых.

в) подчинительный союз что (обычно ставится после глагола), то, что:

We know that racism is doomed to perish.	Мы знаем, что расизм обречен на гибель.
The great advantage of socialism is that it is based on planned economy.	Огромное преимущество социализма в том, что он основан на плановом хозяйстве.

After (противоположен по значению before)

а) наречие времени потом, затем, впоследствии (обычно ставится в конце предложения):

I have never met him after.

Я никогда не встречал его впоследствии.

б) предлог времени и места - после, по, за, вслед за:

After the Great Patriotic War our industry overshot the pre-war level.

После Великой Отечественной войны наша промышленность превысила довоенный уровень.

в) подчинительный союз после; после того, как (вводит придаточное предложение времени):

We have completed the rehabilitation of our ruined cities after the war was ended.

Мы завершили восстановление наших разрушенных городов после того, как окончилась война.

Before (противоположен по значению after):

а) наречие времени раньше, прежде (обычно ставится в конце предложения):

I have never seen him before.

Я его никогда раньше не видел.

б) предлог времени и места до, раньше, перед, впереди:

Japan is stronger now than it was before the war.

Япония сейчас сильнее, чем она была до войны.

в) подчинительный союз до того, как; прежде чем:

We had to make a number of experiments before we achieved satisfactory results.

Нам пришлось произвести ряд опытов, прежде чем мы добились удовлетворительных результатов.

Like

а) наречие как, подобно (unlike в отличие от):

Radio waves travel like waves of water.	Радиоволны распространяются подобно волнам воды.
Unlike oxygen, hydrogen is seldom found free in nature.	В отличие от кислорода, водород редко