From the History of Railways of Great Britain.

LESSON I

Railways

Грамматика: Времена группы Indefinite.

I. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

regular, passenger, revolution, minister, Party, pioneer, plan, to start, diesel, locomotive.

П. Образуйте существительные от глаголов и переведите их:

to construct, to connect, to develop, to communicate, to transport.

Ш. Образуйте наречия от прилагательных и переведите их:

near, great, close, high.

Пояснения к тексту:

power plant – электростанция.

1V. Прочитайте текст. При чтении текста обратите внимание на описание железных дорог до Октябрьской революции и советских железных дорог:

 

The Soviet state got from the tsarist regime a poorly organized and poorly developed railway network greatly dama­ged in the First World War. By 1917 the, railway network was 70000 km long and most of it was in European part of the country. The freight trains ran at the speed of 30 kph and passenger trains reached 45-50 kph.

However, old Russia could be proud of its railway scientists and engineers who constructed good steam locomotives and the passenger cars produced in Russia were the best in Europe. The Trans-Siberian Railway was thought of as a very important means of communication between Europe and Asia.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution the Soviet Government took steps to reconstruct the railways of the coun­try. The development of railway transport was closely connec­ted with the GOELRO Plan..The plan provided for the construction of numerous power plants and a whole network of electri­fied railways. In 1926, an electric train started its first-run on the suburban line between Baku and Sabunchi. Another very important step was the development of the diesel locomotive. It was in the Soviet Union that the world's first main-line diesel locomotive was built and put into service on November 6, 1924. When reconstructed, Soviet Railways became a highly-developed and safe means of transport in the country.

Упражнения:

V. Найдите в тексте синонимы слов:

to begin, badly, to be ruined.

VI. Найдите в тексте антонимы слов;

bad, short, small, low, near, to be ashamed of, ri­chly, highly-developed, dangerous means of transport.

VII. Дайте словарную форму прилагательных и переведите их;

safest, lightest, smaller, greater.

VIII. Переведите предложения. Обратите особое внимание на пе­ревод подчеркнутых слов:

1. Now freight trains run at high speed. The run of passen­ger trains is smooth.

2. Earthquakes (землетрясение) damage many railway li­nes. The damage of the earthquake was very great.

IX. Вставьте вместо точек следующие слова:

station, development, a great rail power, trains.

1. The Soviet Union is often called...

2. The GOELRO Plan provided for the further... of rail transport.

3. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution... ran at low speed.

4. This... was reconstructed last year.

X. Согласитесь со следующими утверждениями или опровергните их. Употребите выражения " It's right “ или “ That's wrong^”;

1. The GOELRO Plan was adopted in 1920.

2. Before the Devolution trains ran at high speed.

3. The Soviet Union is agreat rail power because it has inherited a highly-developed railway network from the tsa­rist regime.

4. The Russian engineers contributed to the development of railway transport.

ХI. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1 ) Why could old Russia be proud of its railway engineers?

2) Was a main or suburban line first electrified?

3) Where and when was the first main-line diesel locomotive constructed?

4) What makes Soviet railways the most efficient means of transport in our country?

 

LESSON 2

The Trans-Siberian Railways

Грамматика; Времена группы Indefinite (Active, Passive)

Упражнения:

I. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

Europe, Asia, Urals, locomotive, territory, continent, in­dustrial, interesting, operation, contribution, modernization.

II. Образуйте существительные от глаголов и переведите их;

То concentrate, to contribute, to connect, to construct, to modernize, to transform.

III. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных и переведите их:

industry, power, economy.

IV. Образуйте наречия от прилагательных и переведите их:

high, great, hard simultaneous.

V. Прочитайте текст. Обратите внимание на роль Транссибирской магистрали в развитии нашей страны до Октябрьской революции во время Великой Отечественной войны и в наши дни:

Text

The construction of the Trans-Siberian line began in 1891 and it was put into operation in 1905.

The Trans-Siberian Railway always played a very important part in the economic development of our country. During the Great Patriotic War when most of our industry was concentrated in Siberia the Trans-Siberian Railway made a great contribution to the victory over the German armies.

But operated by steam traction, the line could not carry a large volume of traffic. After the war the modernization program was worked out as a part of the grandiose plan to trans­form Siberia into a highly developed industrial region.

The modernization plan provided for the electrification of the Moscow-Lake Baikal section simultaneously with its reconstruction. It was a hard job which took a long time. It was in 1961 that electric traction was introduced on the line.

Now the Moscow-Lake Baikal Railway is the longest electri­fied main line in the world on which powerful electric and diesel locomotives draw long and heavy trains.

Greater changes will take place on the Trans-Siberian Railway, in the future. Faster locomotives will be put into service. Automation and efficient electric computers will provide a sa­fer transportation of freight and passengers.

 

VI. Найдите в тексте синонимы:

difficult, enormous, to be put into service.

VI. Найдите в тексте антонимы:

poorly developed, low, the shortest, small.

УШ. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени от наречий и прилагательных;

much, long, great, hard, interesting, fast.

IX. Переведите предложения. Обратите особое внимание на пере­вод подчеркнутых слов:

1) The Cherepanovs, father and son, designed the first steam locomotive in Russia.

2) This locomotive is of a new design.

3) The design of a new passenger car was much spoken about.

X. Вставьте вместо точек следующие слова

Electrification, line, vоlume, construction.

1) The Trans-Siberian … was put in operation in 1905.

2) This line carries a large... of traffic.

3) The... of the Trans-Siberian line began in 1891.

4) The... of the Trans-Siberian Railway had been finished by 1961.

XI. Согласитесь со следующими утверждениями или опровергните их. Употребите выражения " That's is right" или " That’s wrong”.

1.Тhe Trans-Siberian line was put in operation in 1891.

2. The USSR has a dense railway network connecting its industrial centres.

3. The Trans -Siberian Railway did not make a great contribution to the victory over the German armies.

4. Now the Trans-Siberian Railway can carry a large volume of traffic.

ХП. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Why is the Trans-Siberian line one of the most interesting railways?

2. What was the role of the Trans-Siberian Railway during the Great Patriotic War?

3. What changes will, take place in the Trans-Siberian Railway in future?

 

LESSON 3

From the History of Railways of Great Britain.

Грамматика: Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)

 

Упражнения:

I. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

To demonstrate, model, passenger, economy, locomotive, shilling, engineer, transport.

II. Образуйте существительные от глаголов и переведите их:

to develop, to transport, to operate, to communicate, to connect.

III. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных и переведите их;

economy, power, success

Пояснения к тексту:

Richard Trevethic[ ] – Ричард Тревитик

George Stephenson [ ]- Джордж Стефенсон

VI. Прочитайте текст. При чтении текста обратите внимание на то, когда и почему железные дороги стали самым важным средством перевозок.

 

The early railways were not like the railways we have today. The very first railways used horses for drawing trains and were put into operation for transporting such products as coal, ore and timber. Later, on the horse railways were used as passenger transport in large cities, But these railways did not last long.

One of the first attempts to use the steam engine to draw passenger and freight trains was made in 1808 by Richard Trevithick, an Englishman, who demonstrated his working model in London. This locomotive ran on a circular track of iron rails. For a shilling the public could travel in a carriage drawn by the steam engine. The locomotive was called "Catch-me-who-can", and people could really catch it because it developed only 12 mph (miles per hour).

But one day a rail broke and the locomotive overturned, eliding Trevithick's career as an inventor.

In 1829, George Stephenson, an English inventor and engineer, built a successful steam locomotive which he called the "Rocket”. This locomotive was much smaller and lighter than steam locomotives developed later on and it was much slower. However, it could draw a small train of loaded cars on the railway and developed speed of 13 mph (21 kph). The invention of the steam locomotives made the railway the most important of all means of transportation.

 

V. Найдите в тексте синонимы слов:

big, to construct, to do.

VI. Найдите в тексте антонимы:

small, slow, early, exhort, heavy.

VIII. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени от прилагательных:

fast, modern, safe, popular, late, slow

IX. Переведите предложения. Обратите особоe внимание на перевод подчеркнутых слов:

The locomotive ''Rocket" was very small and light.

In order to light the way they used a flashlight.

The light of the lamp was very dim.

IX. Вставьте вместо точек следующие слова

attempt rains, trains, function, invention.

1) The very first railways used horses for drawing....

2) The...of the steam locomotives made the railway the most important of ail means of transportation.

3) The most important... of railways is to carry freight.

4) The first... to use steam engine was made in 1808.

X.Согласитесь со следующими утверждениями или опровергните их:

Пример: "The Rocket" was built in 1810. That's wrong, "The Rocket” was built in 1829.

Stephenson's locomotive was small and light. That's right, Stephenson's locomotive was small and light.

1) The economy of the country is influenced by transport and communication.

2) Many developments were introduced on railways to make them an efficient means of communication.

3) People know much about the first railways.

4) "The.Rocket^” could draw a big train of loaded care.

XI. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1) Why do railways play an important part in the development of a country?

2) Were the very first railways built to carry people?

3) Why could people catch the Trevithick's locomotive?

4) When and where did the first steam locomotive appear?

5) What made the railway the most important means of transportation?

 

LESSON 4

Text.

Trains cannot meet and pass at any place and at any time.

The task of getting trains over a railroad requires the careful planning of train movements and constant direction from a central office. Each crew cannot take its train along as it pleases, but must work under strict rules and under the orders of directing officials.

On a single-track railroad with trains running in "both directions”, it is necessary for opposing trains to have definite meeting points.

There must also be appointed places where fast trains may go ahead of slow ones. Where there are two or three or even four tracks, the problem of operating trains in two directions is somewhat less difficult than on single track lines, but where more than one track is built, it means that the railroad has heavy traffic and a large number of trains.

In order to simplify the problem of running trains, all railroads (except the very short ones) are divided into operating, units, called “divisions".

Eachdivision is operated as a unit, just as if it were a small railroad. Some trains run only between terminals on a single division. A division is operated under the direction of a division superintendent, who is responsible for the movement of the trains.

Each division superintendent of a railroad has several subordinate officers to aid him in his work. The two which help most in directing the movement of trains are the trainmaster and the chief dispatcher. The trainmaster has control of the train crews and sees that they observe the rules and obey the orders under which trains are moved.

The chief dispatcher if responsible for the movement of all trains and, aided by the train dispatchers he issues the orders under which the train crews run their trains over the railroad.

 

VI. Заполните пропуски, пользуясь словами для справок. Пред­ложения переведите:

1. All railroads are divided into operating …,called… (crew units)

2. The chief dispatcher is responsible for… the of all trains.(movement)

3. Each …must work under strict rules.(division)

V. В каком абзаце говорится о работе главного диспетчера?

VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

I.A division is operated … the direction... division superintendent.

2.The chief dispatcher is responsible... the movement …all trains.

3. Each division superintendent … a railroad has several subordinate officers to aid him …his work.

4. The trainmaster has control …the train crews.

VII. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами:

1. Trains... meet and pass at any place and at any time.

2. Each crew … work under strict rules.

3. There …also be appointed places where fast trains... go ahead of slow ones.

(cannot, may, must)

VIII. Укажите правильный вариант перевода предложения:

All railroads are divided into "divisions".

1. Все железные дороги разделены на "отделения".

2. Все железные дороги будут разделены на "отделения".

3. Все железные дороги делятся на отделения.

IX. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значе­нию слову ряда:

1. difficult a)powerful b) easy с) short;

2. simple a) strict; b) chief; c) complicated;

3. to meet a) to run; b) to part (with); c) to build.

 

LESSON 5

LONDON'S UNDERGROUND

Грамматика:Времена группы Continuous (Active and Passive). Усилительная конструкции.

It is (was) … who/that/when

Числительные. Степени сравнения прилагательных.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. carry - перевозить

2. deep-level tubes - тоннели глубокого заложения

3. Leicester Square [ ]- название площади в Лондоне

4. safety - безопасность

5. automatic signalling - автоматическая сигнализация

6. route - маршрут

7. automatic driving суstem - автоматическая система управления

8. to be in charge of - отвечать за..

9. to change trains- делать пересадку

10. long-distance trains - поезда дальнего следования

Упражнения:

I. Назовите русские эквиваленты слов, не пользуясь словарем:

1 ) distance; 2) mile; 3) million; 4) locomotive; 5) smog; 6) method; 7) transport; 8) second; 9) automatic; 10) platform.

П. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью рeчи они являются;

1. Существительное; 2. Прилагательное; 3. Наречие.

1) achievement; 2) historic; 3) passenger; 4) porter; 5) escalator; 6) weakness; 7) changeable; 8) difficulty; 9) fully

III. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты, соответствующие английским словам левой колонки;

1. achievement 1. Поддерживать

2. railway 2. испытывать

3. deep 3. катастрофа

4. level 4. безопасность

5. tube 5. скорость

6. traffic 6.движение, транспорт

7. speed 7. труба (метрополитен в Лондоне)

8. safety 8. уровень

9. accident 9. глубокий

10.to test 10. железная дорога

11.to maintain 11. достижение

IV. B каком абзаце текста говорится о безопасности метрополи­ тена в Лондоне?

V.Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. London transport’s experience... tunnels brought them another record.

2. The "up" escalator runs... full speed when carrying passengers, but when empty it runs … half speed.

3. No accidents can happen... human weakness.

4.... the early days the trains were driven... steam lo­comotives.

VI. Переведите следующие -предложения на русский язык, выбрав oдно из трех слов, подходящее по смыслу:

1. The underground (field, river, railway) in Moscow is called the Metro.

2. It is (difficult, complete, safe) to cross the street here.

3. We can use this (sea, sand, wind) for construction.

4. He can (divide, drive, decide) a car well.

 

Text

Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement.

They made the first underground railway travel in the world at distance of almost four miles. It was the year 1363 and on that first historic day, 30.000 Londoners used this new and strange way of travel. Now more than a hundred years later the London Underground carries million passengers every day. Hundred trains carry, a total number of about sever million passengers each year.

In the early days the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal. It is said that the train staff and porters asked permission to grow beards and moustaches - as an early form of smog mask.

The deep - level tubes came later, in 1890. Tunnelling a tube through miles of clay and sometimes sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathend who deve­loped the method which was to make most of London's tube tunnels possible.

London transports experience with tunnels brought them another record. The longest continuous railway tunnel in the world is the 17- mile tunnel in the Northern line.

There are numerous escalators which help to keep the traffic moving. The first was installed in 1911. Now they can carry more than 10.000 passengers an hour, at a maximum speed. One of the longest at Leicester Square is over 60 feet in length. On long escalators the speed is changeable. The "up^” escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers, but when empty it runs at half speed.

Safety was always one of the main concerns of London transport. In spite of the fact that trains often follow each other within seconds, it is said that the London Underground is the safest means of transport in the world. Automatic signalling is operated by the trains themselves. A programme machine controls routes. No accidents can hap­pen through human weakness.

An entirely automatic driving system is now being tested. The driver will be in charge of starting the trains at sta­tions, but speed and safety signalling will becontrolled by coded electric impulses.

The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour, and the temperature all the year round is main­tained at 69-79 degrees by Fahrenheit.

The system of the Underground is a complicated one, and you may have to change trains. At stations where this is necessary you will see, you are going to one of the main line stations from which long-distance trains run, a notice telling you to follow the green light or red. If you follow the green or red lights you will come to the right platform without difficulty,

 

VII. Дайте характеристику следующим средствам передвижения, используйте данные ниже слова:

Напр.:

The underground - is the safest means of transport.

the tram, the bus, the trolley-bus, the underground, the car, the bicycle, the train, the airplane, the helicopter

the oldest the most widely used

the fastest the most popular

the most modern the least comfortable

the most comfortable

 

VIII. Укажите правильный вариант перевода предложения:

An automatic driving system is now being tested by engineers.

1. Автоматическая система управления была испытана инженерами.

2. Автоматическая система управления сейчас испытывается инженерами.

3. Автоматическая система управления будет испытана инженерами.

4. Инженеры испытывают автоматическую систему управления.

IX. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по значению первому слову ряда

1) often a) always;. b) never; с) rarely

2) safety a) danger; b) influence; c) weakness

3) complicated a) strict; b)simple; c) easy

LESSON 6

RAILWAY TRANCPORT OF RUSSIA

Грамматика:the Present Perfect Tense;

Функции глагола: "to have"; Participle I и Parti ciple II, их функции в предложении.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

this country -наша страна

to make requirements - предъявлять требования

weather-proof -независящий от погоды

to ensure access -обеспечить доступ

operating division -отделение дороги

facilities- оборудование, приспособление, средства обс­луживания

industrial facilities - промышленные предприятия

Упражнения:

I. Назовите исходную(словарную) форму слова. Расположите сло­ва в алфавитном порядке:

relatively, deliveries, lines, incorporating, highly, fac­tories, developed, includes, carrying, cities.

II. Определите, какой частью речи является слово, напишите её обозначение:

specific, territorial, condition, requirement, operation, relatively, development, transportation, regularity, indust­rial, operate, majority, construction, highly, national, division, department, length, responsible.

Ш. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания с существитель­ными в функции определения:

transport system, river (rail, sea, pipeline, motor, air) transport, transportation costs, construction project, production facilities, transport facilities, city subway, department, subway lines, freight turnover.

IV. Переведите интернациональные слова:

specific, territorial, territory, geographic, climatic, condition, passenger, distance, operation, transport, transportation, system, motor, method, regularity, indust­rial, construction, project, national, economy, production, locomotive, ministry, department, total, type.

 

TEXT

The specific territorial, geographic and climatic condi­tions of this country, and big volumes of freight and passen­ger traffic over long distances make high requirements to the development and operation of the transport system, which em­braces rail, river, sea, motor, pipeline and air transport.

Railway transport has always been the main method of transportation in this country and distinguished by a high carrying capacity, relatively low transportation costs, high speed and

regularity of deliveries. Besides, it is weather-proof, can be developed throughout the whole territory of the country and ensures access to the majority of industrial facilities and construction projects.

At present, Russian railway transport is one of the major highly developed branches of the national economy, incorporating 32 main lines, 170 operating divisions, over 7000 rail­way stations, a great number of production facilities, inclu­ding locomotive and car-repair factories, and other industri­al railway transport facilities. The Ministry of Railway of Russia includes also a city subway department. Subway lines with a total length of tracks of about 5000 km. now operate in 12 cities.

The total length, of tracks of Russian railways is 146 700 km. They are responsible for 70% of freight turnover and about 40% of passenger traffic of all types off transport of Russia.

 

V. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в нужной форме:

1. Railway transport of the USSR (to occupy) an outstanding position as a freight and passenger carrier.

2. Metro lines (to operate) in 12 Soviet cities.

3. The transport system (to consist) of rail, river, sea, motor and air transport.

4. Many people (to like) to travel by train.

5. Railway transport (to be) weather-proof.

VI. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами из слов для справок.

1. You … go to Moscow by train or by plane

2. The tram... come at 11 o'clock.

3. She... start the experiment tomorrow.

4. You... take your exam in advance.

5. We use the latest technical achievements on the railways.

(may, can, will be able to, must)

VII. Переведите предложения, определите функцию глагола "to have".

1. Our institute has no hostel. " ^:

2. Railways have always been the main method of transportation.

3. Students have to attend lectures and seminars.

4. 12 Russian cities have metro lines at present.

5. Soviet railways have to carry big volumes of freight over long distances.

VIII. Переведите на русский язык, помня о различных функцияхпричастий;

1. Each track consisting of two rails has an average weight of about 188 pounds per yard.

2. We spent the whole day preparing for our exam.

З. Russia has the most developed network of electric railways in the world.

4. Making the expеriment he used all the necessary equipment.

5. As seen from the article these engines are produced in Minsk.

IX. Переведите на русский язык, обратите внимание на много­значность выделенных слов:

1. We sat down on a bench that stood under the branches of a big tree.

2. Our Institute has many branches in different cities.

3. There will be a new railway branch here.

4. Our students get knowledge in different branches of sci­ence and engineering.

5. Railway transport is a very important branch of the nati­onal economy.

6. He was present at the lecture yesterday. -

7. On his birthday he received many presents.

8. At present the speed of Russian freight electric locomo­tives is about 110 kph.

9. We must use the Present Indefinite Tense in this sentence»

X. Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. Railway transport plays a predominant role... the economy of our country.

2.... present, metro lines operate... 12 cities... Russia.

3. Railway transport is responsible... 70 per cent … freight turnover.

4. Russian railways transport... (около) 40%... passengers.

XI. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам и переведите их:

cargo, work, include, industrial enterprises, underground, railroad, large, incorporate, major.

ХII. Сгруппируйте в пары слова антонимы, переведите их:

always, low, small, short, big, never, long, high.

ХШ. Переведите предложения. Укажите грамматическую функцию выделенных слов:

1. The ticket to Moscow costs 120 rubles.

2. The cost of the book is 60 kopecks.

3. He lives in the flat number 35.

4. The population of the city numbers 500,000 people.

 

LESSON 7

ELECTRIFICATION OF RAILWAYS

Грамматика: глагол: "to be". Независимый причастный оборот.

Пояснения к тексту:

in terms of - с точки зрения

to make use of - использовать

regenerative braking systems - устройства рекуперативного торможения.

brushless and induction motors - вентильные и асинхронные дви­гатели.

 

 

Упражнения:

I. Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке, переведите их на русский язык:

1. scientific, share, secure, some, scale, supply, Soviet, system; standard;

2. traffic, technical, transport, traction, transfer, type, twelve, transportation;

3. progress, priority, passenger, plan, power;

II. Назовите исходную (словарную) форму слов:

increasing, secures, greater, electrified, unprecedented, amounted, transferred, broader, outfitted, brushless.

Ш. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова:

technical, progress, transport, priority, electrification, electric, transportation, kilometer, passenger, intensive, plan, economical, system, fleet, type, diesel, locomotive, standard, design.

IV. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания:

liquid fuel, world scale, passenger junctions, power supply system, traction vehicles, freight locomotives, design efforts.

V. Прочтите группы слов, определите, какой частью речи явля­ются- слова, переведите их:

1. electric, electricity, electrify, electrified, electrifica­tion;

2. develop, development; developed, developing;

3. mile, mileage;

4. economy, economic, economical.

VI. Найдите прилагательные в степенях сравнения, назовите степень, пере ведите их:

great, considerable, most developed, greater, broad, more economical, intensive, modern, most powerful, broader, largest, various, more intensive.

 

TEXT

Scientific and technical progress in railway transport will continue to give priority to the electrification of main lines and to increasing the share of electric traction in trans­portation. This secures greater operational reliability and a considerable annual saving of liquid fuel.

Russia has developed a vast network of electrified railways, some of which being unprecedented on the world scale in terms of mileage and carrying capacity. As of January 1, 1989 there were about 52,000 kilometers of electrified lines in the country, and the share of electric trac­tion amounted to 61%. All major railway junctions with in­tensive passenger traffic have been transferred to electric traction. A plan is to make a broader use of a more economi­cal 2x25 kV power supply system.

Russian fleet of traction vehicles consists of various types of powerful modern electric and diesel locomotives. Russian railways run D.O., A.C. and A.C./D.C. locomotives. Stan­dard on B.C. electrified lines are eight-axle 5200 kV/ ВЛ 10^y freight locomotives outfitted with regenerative braking systems.

Considerable scientific and design efforts are being mad to develop new electric locomotives propelled by brushless and induction motors, such as a D.C. 7040 kW electric locomotive, a twelve-axle D.C. 9000 kW locomotive and an A.C. 10000 kW locomotive.

 

VII. Найдите в тексте слова (термины), эквиваленты которых даны на русском языке.

отдавать приоритет, магистраль, электрическая тяга, экономия, жидкое топливо, электрифицированные железные дороги, беспре­цедентный, километраж, пропускная способность, узловая стан­ция, система энергоснабжения, электровоз, тепловоз, восьмиосный, оснащать, творческие усилия, двенадцатиосный, тяговые средства.

VIII.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность выделенных слов:

1. The students used computers in their calculation work.

2. He used to work in the library in the evening.

3. The use of automatic control changes the nature of man's labour.

4. All the trains now have automatic brakes.

5. During the brake you may go to the canteen.

IX. Укажите временную форму и залог данных ниже глаголов; переведите их:

will continue, secures, has developed, amounted, have been translated, is, consists of, run, are being made.

X. Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции глагола "to be":

1. They will be specialists in some years.

2. Our students are to go to Leningrad for a conference next week.

3. They are discussing an interesting problem now.

4. Much is to be done.

5. The construction of a new bridge will be completed in time.

XI. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот:

1. The work of Polzunov remaining unknown for more than a cen­tury, people believed that the inventor of the first steam engine was Games Watt.

2. The magazine contained a number of interesting articles, one of them being about the electrification of railways.

3. The experiment having been made, everybody was interested in the results.

4. The motor being broken, the machine did not work.

5. Russian railways have various diesel and electric locomotives, the latter working on d.c., a.c. and a.c./d.c.

ХП. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги:

l. Many important lines were transferred... electric traction.

2. The car fleet consists _:.... different types …railway cars.

3. The laboratories... our Institute are equipped... modern devices.

4. We shall continue to give priority... the electrification... railways.

ХШ. Сгруппируйте в пары слова-синонимы и переведите их:

to continue, traction, to increase, broad, to go on, to outfit, different, to raise, haulage, length, type, to equip;

various, modern, kind, main, wide, up-to-date, major, mileage.

XIV. Найдите в тексте слова, являющиеся антонимами к следующим словам;

decrease, old

XV. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What will scientific and technological progress in railway transport continue to give priority to?

2. What can you say about the mileage and carrying capacity of Russian Railways?

3. What is the share of electric traction?

4. What locomotives are standard on D.C. electrified lines?

 

LESSON 8

CARS ON SOVIET RAILWAYS

Грамматика: функции глаголов: "to be" и "to have. Време­на группы Perfect.

Пояснения к тексту:

to lay requirements - предъявлять требования

heavy-duty - большегрузный

cement carrier - цементовоз

material-handling operations - погрузо-разгрузочные работы

all-metal - цельнометаллический

 

Упражнения

I. Определите по словарю значение, произношение, принадлежность к части речи следующих слов;

produces, heavy-train, high-speed, flatcar, large-tonnage, cargoes, increasing, steadily, supplied, layout, make up.

П. Переведите словосочетания:

heavy-train making-up, high-speed movement, open-top car, box car, tank car,special-purpose car, large-tonnage con­tainers, all-metal cars; heavy-duty open-top cars.

III. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова:

modern, produce, service, fleet, standard, special, cement, mineral, container, priority, comfort, comfortable, centralized, electric, system, maximum, comfort, rational, design, ventilation, illumination, technological, economy.

IV. Из слов, данных ниже, выберите и прочтите: а) существите­льные,

б) прилагательные, в) глаголы, г) наречия. Переведите слова на русский язык:

traction, movement, special, reliability, mineral, container, considerable, specialize, priority, facilitate, steadily, principal, requirement, strength, technological, centralize, electric, highly, safety.

V. Распределите слова в группы с одним корнем. Определите ча­сть речи и переведете:

require, contain, modernize, reliable, serve, safe, container, mechanize, operation, requirement, modernization, reliability, modern, service, comfortable, safety, operate, comfort, move­ment, mechanization, move.

TEXT

LESSON 9

LAYING THE TRACK

Грамматика; глагол should; Неличные формы гла­гола. Инфинитивные конструкции.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. the right of way - полоса отвода

2. inch - дюйм

3. ft (foot) - фут

4. vehicle - вагон

5. jib - стрела подъемного крана

 

Упражнения:

1. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов;

1.general; 2. mile; 3. subballast; 4. gravel; 5. to calculate; 6. operation; 7. wagon; 8. centre; 9.machine; 10. control cab; 11. diesel-electric; 12.horizontal crane; 13. mechanical; 14. modern.

II. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью ре­чи они являются:

1. usually; 2. equipment; 3. foundation; 4. necessary; 5. operation; 6. pre-assembled; 7. electric; 8. horizontal; 9. cleaner; 10. mechanical.

III. Разбейте текст на 2 части, озаглавьте каждую из них:

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, котoрые отвечают на следую щие вопросы:

1. Как и где прокладывается полотно дороги?

2. Какая техника используется при этом?

 

TEXT

Railway facilities are usually divided into two general - groups: road and equipment. The right of way is sometimes from five to ten miles wide. The roadbed is usually laid out on the right of way. The roadbed may have a foundation of earth or subballast on which the ballast itself is laid.

Consisting of gravel, stone, clay, sand or similar material, ballast should not be less than 24 inches deep. First, it is necessary to determine the number of tracks, then to calculate the width of ballast. The roadbed is prepared for laying ballast. The speeding up of track-laying operations is the result of the using of pre-assembled 60ft lengths of track complete with rails, sleepers and fastenings. In operation the track-laying machine picks up a length of new track from a loaded wagon, then moves forward and places it on the road. This machine comprises three close-coupled vehicles, the centre unit car­rying the control cab and dies - electric power plant. The end vehicles each have a horizontal crane jib. Ballast clea­ners are known to be other mechanical aids to modern track laying.

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов:

-al - прилагательное; - ment - существительное; - av - наречие;

1. mechanic 2. to equip 3. usual

VI. Найдите синонимы cследующих слов:

1. to divide; 2. similar; 3. to determine; 4.to prepare; 5. to comprise; 6. operation

VII. Найдите антонимы cследующих слов:

1. usually; 2.deep;3. to load; 4. to lay; 5. modern; 6. similar

VIII. Ответьте на вопpосы по содержанию текста:

1) What are railway facilities divided into?

2) Where is the roadbed usually laid out?

3) What does the ballast consist of?

4) What helps to speed up track laying operations?

 

LESSON 10

Грамматика: Функции местоимения that. Времена группы Perfect в страдательном залоге.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

1. etc. - и т.д.

2. by means of - посредством

 

Упражнения:

I. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов:

1. turbine; 2. special; 3. automic control; 4. method; 5. generator; 6.electricity; 7. electron;

8. electrode; 9. automic chemical; 10. solar; 11. electrical

II. Переведите слова; по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются

а)существительное; б) прилагательное; в) наречие:

1. similar; 2.substantial; 3. special; 4.capacity; 5.installation; 6.valuable; 7. lately; 8. pressure; 9.electric; 10. conversation.

III. Разберите текст на 2части и озаглавьте каждую из них.

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые отвечают, на следую­щие вопросы:

1. Какие преимущества у газовой турбины перед другими видами турбин?

2. Какой новый способ получения электроэнергии был предложен?

 

TEXT

In many respects the gas turbine is quite similar to the modern steam turbine. But they have a number of substantial advantages over steam ones: they take up less place, do not require a special water supply, easily operated by automic control etc. The greatest gas turbine capacity so far is about 30,000 kW. The cost of a gas turbine installation is two-third that of a steam turbine plant, the power generated costing 20 per cent less.

Many valuable ideas have appeared lately. A new method of generating electric power has been developed. There are no turbines or generators in the installation they have designed. The electricity is produced by means of ordinary gas. The gas, when heated in special chambers to a temperature of up to 3000°C and then accelerated under pressure to a speed above that of a sound, begins to emit electrons. Special electrodescollect and send them into the electric network. The new installation although much smaller than an ordinary turbine, produced several times more electric power. It means that ways will be found for the direct conversion of atomic, chemical and solar energy into electrical power.

 

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов:

1. –ly - наречие

2. – tion - существительное

3. - al - прилагательное

1. easy; 2. to install; 3. electric

VI. Найдите синонимы следующих слов:

1. similar; 2. a number of...; 3. to appear; 4. small; 5. way

VII. Найдите антонимы следующих слов;

1. similar; 2. advantage; 3. to appear; 4. to heat; 5. to be­gin; 6. small

VIII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Is the gas turbine similar to the steam one?

2. What advantages do they have?

3. What method of generating electric power has been developed?

4. Where is the gas heated?

5. What collects electrons?

6. How much energy does the new installation produce?

LESSON 10

Грамматика: Инфинитив, его формы и функции; инфинитивные конструкции.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

1. freight - груз

2. terminal - станция

3. to make up – составлять

 

Упражнения:

I. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов:

1. to sort; 2. to locate; 3. industrial; 4.to collect; 5.principle; 6. classification; 7. separate

II. Переведите слова, по суффиксу определите, какой частью ре­ чи они являются:

а) существительные; б) прилагательные; в) наречия:

1. usually; 2. industrial; 3. destination; 4.classification; 5. departure; 6. separate; 7. direction

III. Разбейте текст на 3 части и озаглавьте каждую из них.

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые отвечают на следующие вопросы:

1. Где обычно формируются грузовые поезда?

2. Какую роль выполняют маневровые поезда?

 

TEXT

Freight trains are made up in the freight yards of rail­road terminals. A freight yard consists of a large number of tracks, connected to switches, and so arranged that they can be used for sorting and distributing cars. Usually freight yards are located, in the outlying parts of the city. The freight yard is known to be the place where the incoming trains are re­ceived. The cars are sorted. Мany of them, loaded with freight, are distributed to team tracks, industrial sidings and freight houses.

The freight yard is also the place where the cars of outbound freight are collected, to be made into trains and sent to their destination. Each day switch engines travel to and from between freight yards and industrial sidings, team tracks and freight houses, leaving cars of inbound freight and collecting the cars of outbound freight.

A freight yard con­sists of three principle parts; a receiving yard, a classification yard, and a departure yard. In the largest freight yards there may be two of each of these parts with separate receiving, classification, and departure yards for the trains moving in opposite directions.

 

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов

1.-1у - наречие, 2. -al – прилагательное, 3.-ure - существительное

1. usual; 2. industry; 3. to depart.

VI. Назовите синонимы следующих слов:

1. terminal; 2. a large number; 3. to locate; 4. car; 5. part

VII. Назовите антонимы следующих слов:

1. to connect; 2. a large number; 3. to load; 4. to leave.

VIII. Найдите формы инфинитива в тексте, определите их форму.

IX. Найдите предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией: "Сложное дополнение".

X. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Where are usually trains made up?

2. What does а freight yard consists of?

3. Where are the cars of outbound freight collected?

4. What do switch engines do every day?

5. What do the largest freight yards consist of?

TEXT I

EXERCISES

I. Выберете утверждения, сответствующие содержанию текста:

1. The wheel:

a) was invented during the Stone Age;

b) was known to American" Indians before the White Man came;

c) came into use during the Bronze Age.

2. In the West first steam carriage was invented:

a) in the United Kingdom;

b) in France;

с) in Germany,

3. The steam locomotive:

a) was cheaper than horses;

b) was not cheaper than horses;

c) was more expensive-than horses.

4. The Cherepanovs were:

a) engineers; b) scientists; c) mechanics.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What were the first wheels like?

2. Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom?

3. Was the Russian government interested in railway transpor­tation?

4. What was the first Russian locomotive like?

5. What kind of locomotive are used in our country now?

 

ТEХТ 2

BRIDGES

Notes to the text:

1. a bridge on a bracket or cantilever principle (= a bracket or cantilever bridge) - консольный мост

2. a bridge on the suspension principle (= suspension bridge)-висячий мост

3. handrails - поручни

4. a floating bridge – понтонный мост

5. a drawbridge - разводной мост

Fоr hundreds of years men have built bridges over fast-flowing rivers. Early man probably got the idea of abridge from a tree fallen across a stream. From this a bridge on a very simple bracket or cantilever principle was evolved. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan and in India.

A simple bridge made by early man by means of ropes, and la still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of wooden mats laid across them, made a secure crossing.

Further ropes as handrail were added. All these bridges made possible crossing only over narrow rivers. The type of temporary floating bridge, the pontoon bridge has been used for military purposes; military engineers can construct a temporary bridge on this principle, able to carry all the heavy equipment of a modern army, in an extremely short time.

With the coming of the railway in the 19thcentury there was a great demand for bridges, and the railways had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. In many places long linen of viaducts were built to carry railways; for instance, there are miles of brick viaducts supporting railways to London.

The next important development in bridge-building was the use of iron andlater steel. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.

The idea of a drawbridge, a bridge hinged so that it can be lifted by chains from inside to prevent passage is an old one.

Some Leningrad bridges: were built on this principle.A modern bridge probably demands greater skill from designer and builder than only other civil engineering project. Many things should be taken into consideration, and these may vary widely according to local conditions. In deciding what type of bridge in most suitable the designer has to allow for the type and weight of the traffic and width and depth of the gap to be bridged, the nature of the foundations and the method of erecting the bridge. The designer has to calculate carefully how the various loads would be distributed and to decide which building materials are more suitable for carrying these loads.

EXERCISES

I. Выберите утверждения, cooтветствующие содержанию текста:

1. The first railway bridges were made of:

a) timber; b) stone; c) iron; d) steel;

2. The first iron bridge:

a) crossed the river Severn;

b) crossed the river Thames.

3. The bridge that can be lifted by chains from inside is:

a) a suspension bridge;

b) a floating bridge

П. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. From what did early wan get an idea of a bridge?

2. What kind of a bridge is a cantilever bridge?

3. For what purpose is a temporary floating bridge used?

4. Why was a great demand for bridges in the 19-th century?

5. What things should be taken into consideration in the bridge-building?

 

ТЕХТЗ

EXERCISES

I. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию текста:

1. In the next two or three decades people will uses

a) monorails; b) electric cars; c) remote-controlled electronic cars.

2. Monorails.

a) Half a dozen are already operating;

b) There are no monorails in the world.

П. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How long will it take people to get from New York to Tokyo by the year 2050?

2. During what part ofthe day does the new mass transit system operate?

3. How many passengers will the new planes seat.

4. In what way are engineers trying to overcome the friction barrier?

5. At what speed will air-cushion vehicles be able to travel inside tubes?

6. How long will be the intervals between trains of the "Tube flight" system on distances of up to 250 miles?

 

ТЕХТ4

NEW OPEN PULMAN CARS

Notes to the text:

1.computer design - проект, выданный ЭВМ

2. research – исследование

3. durability - прочность

4. ease of maintenance - простота содержания (ухода)

5. in large part - большей частью

6. a departure- отклонение (отличие)

7. rivet - заклепка

8. longer life - более долгий срок службы

9. transverse - поперечный

10. capacity - вместимость, грузоподъемность

11. to be available - подходить для…

12. longitudinal - продольный

 

The engineers have analyzed hundreds of computer designs. The car is known to be the result of three years of research, the cars were designed for unprecedented durability and ease of maintenance in the transportation of coal and other commo­dities. The design of the car is based in large part on the use of a computer design analysis. The last one was used in the development of the Apollo spacecraft. A departure from previous Pullman welded construction is the riveted side construction.

The rivets will offer longer car life and easier maintenance. The car uses high strength copper bearing steel. The new center are modified by turning the short flanges inward. This permits widening the transverse gates at the center sill. Sides on the gondolas are reinforced by rectangular steel tube diagonal braces. Mill type gondolas will offer three lengths - 42 ft 6 in, 52ft 6 in and 65 ft 6 in, with the latter two having drop ends. Other types will have a basic standard length of 53 ft 1 in. Car height has to determine cubic capacity. Low side gondolas will be available in 70 or 100 ton capacities.

Automatic cars available with longitudinal doors. Theprototype car will be used in coal carrying service. They achieve a reasonable balance between supply and demand of energy as many as 150,000 new coal cars will be required.

EXERCISES

I. Разбейте текст на 2 части и озаглавьте каждую изних.

II. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые отвечают на следующие вопросы:

1.Как был сконструирован новый тип вагона?

2. Какие более современные