Cars of Soviet Russian railways

Modern kinds of traction favour heavy-train making-up, high-speed movement and non-stop long-haul runs, which lays high requirementsto the reliability, service life and safety of cars.

The fleet of freight cars includes four- and eight-axle standard open-top cars, box cars, flatcars, tank cars and spe­cial-purpose cars to carry cement, mineral fertilizers, grain, large-tonnage containers, flour, coke, peat and other cargoes.

Priority has been given to increasing the carding capacity, volume and area of freight cars to facilitate the mechanization of material handling operations. Considerable ef­forts are made to develop all-metal cars and increase the share of heavy-duty open-top cars, tank cars, cement carriers and other specialized cars.

The fleet of passenger care has been steadily supplied with comfortable vehicles outfitted with centralized air-con­ditioning, fluorescent lighting, and electric heating systems.

The principal requirements to passenger cars are maximum comfort, rational layout and design, improved ventilation, heating, water supply and illumination, low noise and enhanced strength.

Further technological efforts will be aimed at raising the reliability and economy of car operation. There are plans to increase the share of eight-axle open-top and tank cars, and four-axle care of enhanced carrying capacity and volume.

 

VI. По грамматическим признакам определите время и залог гла­голов, переведите их:

lays, has been given, includes, are made, has been supplied, are, will be aimed.

VII. Поставьте общий вопрос к предложениям:

1. The fleet of freight cars includes various types of specia­lized cars.

2. Considerable efforts are made to develop all-metal cars.

3. The fleet of passenger cars has been supplied with comfor­table vehicles.

4. Further technological efforts will be aimed at raising the reliability of car operation.

VIII. Найдите в тексте предложение, в котором перечисляются грузы, перевозимые в железнодорожных вагонах;

IX. Прочтите 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос:

What types of cars are to be developed?

X. Найдите в тексте предложения, где перечислены основные требования к пассажирским вагонам, и перечислите их:

XII. Ответьте на вопрос к 4-ому абзацу:

What will further technological efforts be aimed at?

XIII. Выпишите из текста названия различных видов вагонов.

XIV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний (терминов):

виды тяги, долговечность, надежность, универсальные полувагоны, крытые вагоны, платформы, цистерны, вагоны специального назначения, крупнотоннажный контейнер, грузоподъемность, погрузочные объем и площадь, погрузо-разгрузочные работы, цельнометаллические вагоны, боль­шегрузные полувагоны, цементовозы, снабжать, оборудовать, кондиционеры воздуха, люминесцентное освещение, электричес­кое отопление, рациональная планировка и оформление, водоснабжение, повышенная прочность, восьмиосный, четырехосный, вместимость.

XV.Согласитесь со следующими утверждениями или опровергните их. Употребите выражения: That's right или That's wrong.

1. Тhe fleet of freight cars consists of many different types of cars.

2. Freight cars are used to carry only cement and large-tonnage containers.

3. Considerable efforts are made to develop all-metal cars.

4. Passenger cars are not outfitted with centralized air-conditioning.

5. There are manу requirements to passenger cars: maximum com­fort, design, rational layout, improved ventilation and so on.

6. Further technological efforts will be aimed at increasing the carrying capacity of cars only.

XV. Переведите предложения, обратите внимание на многозначность выделенных слов:

1. There was no light in the corridor.

2. The room was 1ight and clean.

3. You can carry this box - it is light.

4. Railway transport carries millions of passengers every year.

5. You may carry out your experiment in the laboratory.

XVI. Вставьте пропущенные предлоги:

1. The fleet... freight cars consists... many types... specialized cars.

2. Further efforts will be aimed … raising the reliability …cars.

3. All passenger cars are outfitted... modern conveniences.

XVI. Найдите в тексте синонимы к следующим словам:

up-to-date, type, haulage, cargo, incorporate, to raise, to promote, convenient, to equip, to increase.

ХУШ. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам:

old, low, short, minimum.

 

LESSON 9

LAYING THE TRACK

Грамматика; глагол should; Неличные формы гла­гола. Инфинитивные конструкции.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. the right of way - полоса отвода

2. inch - дюйм

3. ft (foot) - фут

4. vehicle - вагон

5. jib - стрела подъемного крана

 

Упражнения:

1. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов;

1.general; 2. mile; 3. subballast; 4. gravel; 5. to calculate; 6. operation; 7. wagon; 8. centre; 9.machine; 10. control cab; 11. diesel-electric; 12.horizontal crane; 13. mechanical; 14. modern.

II. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью ре­чи они являются:

1. usually; 2. equipment; 3. foundation; 4. necessary; 5. operation; 6. pre-assembled; 7. electric; 8. horizontal; 9. cleaner; 10. mechanical.

III. Разбейте текст на 2 части, озаглавьте каждую из них:

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, котoрые отвечают на следую щие вопросы:

1. Как и где прокладывается полотно дороги?

2. Какая техника используется при этом?

 

TEXT

Railway facilities are usually divided into two general - groups: road and equipment. The right of way is sometimes from five to ten miles wide. The roadbed is usually laid out on the right of way. The roadbed may have a foundation of earth or subballast on which the ballast itself is laid.

Consisting of gravel, stone, clay, sand or similar material, ballast should not be less than 24 inches deep. First, it is necessary to determine the number of tracks, then to calculate the width of ballast. The roadbed is prepared for laying ballast. The speeding up of track-laying operations is the result of the using of pre-assembled 60ft lengths of track complete with rails, sleepers and fastenings. In operation the track-laying machine picks up a length of new track from a loaded wagon, then moves forward and places it on the road. This machine comprises three close-coupled vehicles, the centre unit car­rying the control cab and dies - electric power plant. The end vehicles each have a horizontal crane jib. Ballast clea­ners are known to be other mechanical aids to modern track laying.

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов:

-al - прилагательное; - ment - существительное; - av - наречие;

1. mechanic 2. to equip 3. usual

VI. Найдите синонимы cследующих слов:

1. to divide; 2. similar; 3. to determine; 4.to prepare; 5. to comprise; 6. operation

VII. Найдите антонимы cследующих слов:

1. usually; 2.deep;3. to load; 4. to lay; 5. modern; 6. similar

VIII. Ответьте на вопpосы по содержанию текста:

1) What are railway facilities divided into?

2) Where is the roadbed usually laid out?

3) What does the ballast consist of?

4) What helps to speed up track laying operations?

 

LESSON 10

Грамматика: Функции местоимения that. Времена группы Perfect в страдательном залоге.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

1. etc. - и т.д.

2. by means of - посредством

 

Упражнения:

I. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов:

1. turbine; 2. special; 3. automic control; 4. method; 5. generator; 6.electricity; 7. electron;

8. electrode; 9. automic chemical; 10. solar; 11. electrical

II. Переведите слова; по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются

а)существительное; б) прилагательное; в) наречие:

1. similar; 2.substantial; 3. special; 4.capacity; 5.installation; 6.valuable; 7. lately; 8. pressure; 9.electric; 10. conversation.

III. Разберите текст на 2части и озаглавьте каждую из них.

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые отвечают, на следую­щие вопросы:

1. Какие преимущества у газовой турбины перед другими видами турбин?

2. Какой новый способ получения электроэнергии был предложен?

 

TEXT

In many respects the gas turbine is quite similar to the modern steam turbine. But they have a number of substantial advantages over steam ones: they take up less place, do not require a special water supply, easily operated by automic control etc. The greatest gas turbine capacity so far is about 30,000 kW. The cost of a gas turbine installation is two-third that of a steam turbine plant, the power generated costing 20 per cent less.

Many valuable ideas have appeared lately. A new method of generating electric power has been developed. There are no turbines or generators in the installation they have designed. The electricity is produced by means of ordinary gas. The gas, when heated in special chambers to a temperature of up to 3000°C and then accelerated under pressure to a speed above that of a sound, begins to emit electrons. Special electrodescollect and send them into the electric network. The new installation although much smaller than an ordinary turbine, produced several times more electric power. It means that ways will be found for the direct conversion of atomic, chemical and solar energy into electrical power.

 

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов:

1. –ly - наречие

2. – tion - существительное

3. - al - прилагательное

1. easy; 2. to install; 3. electric

VI. Найдите синонимы следующих слов:

1. similar; 2. a number of...; 3. to appear; 4. small; 5. way

VII. Найдите антонимы следующих слов;

1. similar; 2. advantage; 3. to appear; 4. to heat; 5. to be­gin; 6. small

VIII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Is the gas turbine similar to the steam one?

2. What advantages do they have?

3. What method of generating electric power has been developed?

4. Where is the gas heated?

5. What collects electrons?

6. How much energy does the new installation produce?

LESSON 10

Грамматика: Инфинитив, его формы и функции; инфинитивные конструкции.

 

Пояснения к тексту:

1. freight - груз

2. terminal - станция

3. to make up – составлять

 

Упражнения:

I. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов:

1. to sort; 2. to locate; 3. industrial; 4.to collect; 5.principle; 6. classification; 7. separate

II. Переведите слова, по суффиксу определите, какой частью ре­ чи они являются:

а) существительные; б) прилагательные; в) наречия:

1. usually; 2. industrial; 3. destination; 4.classification; 5. departure; 6. separate; 7. direction

III. Разбейте текст на 3 части и озаглавьте каждую из них.

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые отвечают на следующие вопросы:

1. Где обычно формируются грузовые поезда?

2. Какую роль выполняют маневровые поезда?

 

TEXT

Freight trains are made up in the freight yards of rail­road terminals. A freight yard consists of a large number of tracks, connected to switches, and so arranged that they can be used for sorting and distributing cars. Usually freight yards are located, in the outlying parts of the city. The freight yard is known to be the place where the incoming trains are re­ceived. The cars are sorted. Мany of them, loaded with freight, are distributed to team tracks, industrial sidings and freight houses.

The freight yard is also the place where the cars of outbound freight are collected, to be made into trains and sent to their destination. Each day switch engines travel to and from between freight yards and industrial sidings, team tracks and freight houses, leaving cars of inbound freight and collecting the cars of outbound freight.

A freight yard con­sists of three principle parts; a receiving yard, a classification yard, and a departure yard. In the largest freight yards there may be two of each of these parts with separate receiving, classification, and departure yards for the trains moving in opposite directions.

 

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов

1.-1у - наречие, 2. -al – прилагательное, 3.-ure - существительное

1. usual; 2. industry; 3. to depart.

VI. Назовите синонимы следующих слов:

1. terminal; 2. a large number; 3. to locate; 4. car; 5. part

VII. Назовите антонимы следующих слов:

1. to connect; 2. a large number; 3. to load; 4. to leave.

VIII. Найдите формы инфинитива в тексте, определите их форму.

IX. Найдите предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией: "Сложное дополнение".

X. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Where are usually trains made up?

2. What does а freight yard consists of?

3. Where are the cars of outbound freight collected?

4. What do switch engines do every day?

5. What do the largest freight yards consist of?