They Cite Several Ways to Neutralize Any 'Star Wars' System

By David Hoffman Washington Post Service

MOSCOW - When the United States raises the prospect that it will build a missile defense system, Russian strategic planners do not have far to go for a response.

They can reach for a drawer marked ''Star Wars'' and take out some of the Soviet era blueprints drawn up more than 15 years ago in response to President Ronald Reagan's grand hopes for the Strategic Defense Initiative, a missile defense shield.

There, gathering dust until recently, are some choice ideas and gadgets that the Soviet designers thought could be used to confuse, evade, saturate and overwhelm a missile defense system.

Mr. Reagan never realized his vision of a global shield against ballistic missiles, and the Soviet ideas were mostly laid to rest, in some cases by subsequent arms control treaties. But in recent weeks, Russia's top military strategists have begun to trot them out again, and they are openly promising to reanimate these schemes if necessary to frustrate an American missile defense system.

These include the use of decoy warheads, space-based ''chaff'' to simulate warheads, maneuverable warheads to steer away from interceptor rockets and prolonging the deployment of huge land-based, multiple-warhead missiles.

The Clinton administration has said it will not decide until June whether to go ahead with a limited missile defense, requiring changes in the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Russia, which opposes treaty modifications, has already ratcheted up a noisy campaign against changes, saying they would destroy all arms control efforts of the last 20 years and wreck such cooperative efforts as reciprocal inspections.

The result has been a back-to-the-future scenario in which Russia is reviving gambits planned in the Soviet era to fend off a missile defense system like that proposed in 1983 by the Reagan administration.

An anti-missile system uses a combination of detectors like radar and satellites to spot incoming missiles and warheads and then deploys fast-flying interceptor rockets to try to destroy them before they land or explode. At the center of the old Soviet ideas now being refloated is to defeat the missile defense system by fooling it.

The pride of the Russian Strategic Rocket Forces is the relatively new Topol-M, a solid-fuel missile, now carrying a single warhead, which was designed to replace older, multiple-warhead missiles being retired under arms control treaties.

Russia put a regiment of 10 Topol-M missiles on duty last year, and is expected to deploy a second regiment by the end of next month.

But Russian officials have said they could convert the Topol-M into a three-warhead missile. Such multiple-warhead land-based missiles were outlawed by the START-2 treaty, which has never been ratified by the Russian Parliament and may not be. Moreover, Russians have said the START-1 treaty could also be endangered.

''If this anti-missile treaty crashes, then there are no problems to increase the launched weight of the rockets,'' Major General Vladimir Dvorkin, director of the Defense Ministry's Central Research Institute and a leading strategist, said in a recent newspaper essay.

The added launch weight is to accommodate additional warheads or other equipment to defeat an anti-missile system. Russian specialists said the Topol-M could carry at least three and perhaps as many as six warheads.

Yuri Solomonov, director of the Moscow institute that designed the Topol-M, said earlier this year that it could ''penetrate any country's anti-missile system.''

Sergei Rogov, director of the Institute for the Study of the United States and Canada, and a top Russian arms control expert, said that Russia had numerous ways to try to defeat an anti-missile system with such ''penetration aids'' as decoy warheads.

C

HUNGRY BIRDS

Two robins were sitting in a tree.

- "I'm really hungry", said the first one.
- "Me, too" said the second. "Let's fly down and find some lunch."
They flew to the ground and found a nice plot of plowed
ground full of worms. They ate and ate and ate and ate 'til they could eat no more.
- "I'm so full I don't think I can fly back up to the tree", said the first one.
- "Me either. Let's just lay here and bask in the warm sun", said the second.
- "O.K." said the first.
They plopped down, basking in the sun.
No sooner than they had fallen asleep, a big fat tomcat snuck up and gobbled them up. As he sat washing his face after his meal, he thought,
- "I love baskin' robins."

Hiram answers the telephone, and it's an emergency room doctor.

The doctor says, "Your wife was in a serious car accident, and I have bad news and good news. The bad news is she has lost all use of both arms and both legs, and will be on a respirator the rest of her life."

Hiram says, "My God. What's the good news?"

The doctor says, "I'm kidding. She's dead."

The kindergarten class had settled down to its coloring books.

Willie came up to the teacher's desk and said, "Miss Francis, I ain't go no crayons."

"Willie," Miss Francis said, "you mean, "I don't have any crayons.' You don't have any crayons. We don't have any crayons. They don't have any crayons. Do you see what I'm getting at?"

"Not really," Willie said, "What happened to all them crayons?"

On the first day of school, a first grader handed his teacher a note from his mother. The not read, "The opinions expressed by this child are not necessarily those of his parents."

A sixth grade class is doing some spelling drills. The teacher asks Tommy if he can spell 'before.' He stands up and says,

"Before, B-E-P-H-O-R."

The teacher says, "No, that's wrong. Can anyone else spell before?"

Another little boy stands up and says, "Before, B-E-F-O-O-R."

Again the teacher says, "No, that's wrong." The teacher asks, "Little Johnny, can you spell 'before'?"

Little Johnny stands up and says, "Before, B-E-F-O-R-E."

"Excellent Johnny, now can you use it in a sentence?"

Little Johnny says, "That's easy. Two plus two be fore."

On doctor's orders, Melling had moved to Arizona. Two weeks later, he was dead. His body was shipped back home, where the undertaker prepared it for the services.

Melling's brother came in to make sure everything was taken care of. "Would you like to see the body?" the undertaker asked.

"I might as well take a look at it before the others get here."

The undertaker led him into the next room and opened the top half of the casket. He stood back and proudly displayed his work.

"He looks good," the brother said. "Those two weeks in Arizona were just the thing for him."

While the US stock market is at an all time high, the ups and downs frighten a lot of small investors like me. I went to my financial advisor at the bank and ask if he were worried.

He replied that he slept like a baby. I was amazed and asked, "Really??? Even with all the fluctuations?"

He said, "Yes. I sleep for a couple of hours, then wake up and cry for a couple of hours."

 

III-7

Союзные обороты

As... as... так же, как (и):

Water is as necessary for life as air.

Вода так же необходима для жизни, как и воздух.

Not so... as... не так..., как:

The gale was not so severe as I thought.

Шторм был не так, как я предполагал.

As far as насколько, до:

As far as I know oxygen is а colorless gas.	Насколько я знаю, кислород бесцветный газ.
The expedition went as far as 86°.	Экспедиция дошла до 86°.

As long as пока:

We are strong as long as we are united.

Мы сильны, пока мы едины.

As soon as как только:

Open the circuit as soon as you notice a spark.

Разомкните цепь, как только заметите вспышку

As well as так же, как и; как... так и:

In the atomic nucleus there are forces of attraction between protons as well as between neutrons.

В ядре атома имеются силы притяжения, как между протонами, так и между нейтронами.

Both... and... как, так и...; и... и...:

We build new schools both in cities and in the country.

Мы строим новые школы, как в городах, так и в деревне.

Either... or... или..., или...:

In radio communication we use either short or long waves.

В радиосвязи мы применяем или короткие, или длинные волны.

In order to (that) для того, чтобы:

Modern criminal prefers to manage computer in order to carry out its plan to knock over a bank.

Современный преступник предпочитает компьютер для того, чтобы выполнить план ограбления банка.

Neither … nor... ни..., ни...:

Neither bombs nor shells could break the spirit of the Egyptians during the Yom-Kippur war.

Ни бомбы, ни снаряды не смогли сломить дух египтян во время шестидневной войны.

The... the... чем …. тем ….:

The higher the temperature of the air, the greater is the velocity of a sound.

Чем выше температура воздуха, тем больше скорость звука.

Упражнения

I. Переведите следующие предложения:

А.

1. Marx analyzed capitalist system in order to arm the working class with an intellectual weapon for the overthrow of capitalism.

2. Theory becomes a material force as soon as it has gripped the masses.

3. Nowadays it is quite evident that the policy of discrimination has failed in its effect, as far as Russia, China, and India are concerned.

1. Thermal condition occurs continuously as long as temperature difference is maintained.

2. The reaction was as violent as it was expected.

3. We strive to make things beautiful as well as useful.

4. Both the state of rest and the state of motion in a straight line can be changed only due to some force applied by another body.

5. In early times the woods and riverbanks in Europe abounded in animals which today are either extinct or occur only in southern lands.

6. The atomic bomb is not so devastating as the hydrogen bomb.

7. The radioactive changes of matter take place of their own accord; we can neither start them, nor stop them.

8. The smoother the surface and the lighter the object on it, the less is the minimum force that must be applied to produce motion.

B.

1. In 1980 alone major industrial products as well as consumer goods were produced in much greater quantities than in the whole period of the Yeltsin’s presidency.

2. Our eastern borders extend as far as the Pacific Ocean.

3. Since World War II the colonial peoples have either succeeded in winning their national independence or are striving for this cherished goal.

1. As long as there is still some water left unevaporated in the container, the steam formed will not be pure steam, but will have some particles of water in suspension.

2. As soon as the heating ceased we noticed the liquid to change its color.

3. Water is as necessary for life as air or food.

4. The all Zimbabwe Federation of Trade Unions is organized both on tribal and industrial lines.

5. The direct current is not so widely used in everyday life as the alternating current.

6. In order to overcome the increasing repulsion of proton and maintain stability in the heavier elements, nuclei must contain an increased proportion of neutrons.

7. When glass and porcelain are heated they neither lose nor gain in weight.

8. The more work a body can do, the more energy it possesses.

C.

1. British foreign policy has always been based on the recognition that the peaceful co-existence of Palestine and Israel is both possible and desirable.

2. Peaceful co-existence of different states is quite possible as long as there is mutual desire to cooperate.

3. The parrot-cry reads to the effect that our country knows neither unemployment nor economic depression.

4. After the revolution Michurin was given as much assistance as he needed.

1. The Peking library contains the most ancient books in existence as well as the works in computing science.

2. In an alternating current the voltage rises from zero to its maximum value, then falls back to zero and goes on below zero on the negative side just as far as it rose on the positive side.

3. Benzene is not so volatile as ether.

4. Salt occurs underground either in strata in almost pure form, or mixed with rocky materials.

5. In order to make use of the electron emission the filament is surrounded by a sheath of a thin metal, which is called the anode.

6. The faster an object moves the greater is the air resistance.

7. The expedition started as soon as all the preparations were completed.

II. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на значение союзных оборотов:

CHEMICAL ENERGY

We know that heat is generated at reactions, as in the reactions of compounds with oxygen, with chlorine, with sulphur, etc. We also know that as far as possible industry strives to utilize these heat exchangers in order to economize fuel.

Heat is evolved in synthetic reactions as well as in other kinds of reactions. Thus, for example, we notice that when hydrogen peroxide is decomposed by means of manganese dioxide, the test tube becomes perceptibly warm. And when we displace both the hydrogen of sulphuric acid by zinc and the copper of copper sulphate by iron, we also note an evolution of heat. A vast amount of heat is generated as soon as an explosive substance is decomposed. Chemical reactions may be accompanied by other phenomena besides the evolution of heat. Thus in a number of reactions as in reactions of combustion, the synthetic reactions of chlorine, and the explosion of gunpowder, we have an emission of light as well as the evolution of heat. Some reactions produce electricity. Heat, light, and electricity are different modifications of energy.

Most commonly we use energy either in the form of chemical energy or in the form of mechanical energy.

In certain branches of industry chemical energy is not so widely used as mechanical energy.

One form of energy can be transformed into another, but it can be neither created, nor destroyed.

The more chemical energy a substance contains the more mechanical energy can it gives.

Pyroxiline and dynamite contain great stores of chemical energy and they produce a vast quantity of mechanical energy when they explode, bursting huge rocks, destroying buildings, etc.

Практикум

A

PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE

The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News

Number 443 August 16, 1999 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein

NUCLEAR THERMOMETER. How hot is it inside the nucleus of a dysprosium atom (element 62, abbreviated Dy)? Temperature is a statistical concept that normally applies to an ensemble of many particles, such as air molecules or a gas of atoms kept in a bottle. Inside a heavy nucleus, swarming with protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons) it's not so easy to define temperature, owing to the many pairing and other inter-nucleon interactions that take place, but it can be done. The nuclear environment can be sampled by colliding nuclei together and then carefully measuring the photons that fly out: high energy gamma rays, in this case, rather than the visible and infrared photons that come out of heated-up atomic gases. In this way, physicists at the University of Oslo have deduced the temperature inside a Dy nucleus (in effect, a gas of 162 nucleons) to be 6 billion K. It can be said, therefore, that even in winter parts of Norway (very small parts) remain quite warm. This is the first time a nuclear temperature has been measured strictly on the basis of the spectrum of gammas emitted.

GALAXY FORMATION IN AMOEBAS. Dictyostelium discoideum is the hydrogen atom of developmental biology. Depending on available nutrients the organism can exist in a uni-cellular or multi-cellular state (in which cells differentiate themselves as spore or stalk cells). Dictyostelium cells like to huddle together. A new experiment at UC San Diego shows, furthermore, that when constrained to two dimensions the ensemble will also start rotating and persist in this motion for tens of hours. Self-organized vortex states in biological systems (flocking birds, schools of fish, bacteria) have been seen before but not in deformable units as here. A chemical wave (of the organic molecule cyclic AMP) probably brings the cells together in the first place, but thereafter the vortex behavior seems to be guided by inter-cellular cohesion. There is so far no explanation why the cells proceed in this manner, but the vortex motion might aid in the process of sorting cell types following differentiation.

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF NON-CRYSTALS has been carried out by a group at Stony Brook. X rays have long been used to determine the structure of crystalline objects: when the waves strike periodic arrays of atoms or molecules the waves diffract into patterns which, when analyzed by Fourier-transformation algorithms, provide a map of the sample's structure with approximately angstrom resolution. In the Stony Brook experiment x-rays are shone onto a non-crystalline micron-sized specimen (a tiny array of letters spelled out with 100-nm gold nanoparticles). By pushing the algorithms a bit, images could be formed from the x-rays scattered from this patently non-crystal object. The resolution, about 75 nm, is not nearly as good as for traditional x-ray crystallography, but still much better than could be achieved with visible light. The researchers believe their method can be applied to imaging biological specimens at the level of cells or even subcelluar objects.

B

In Defense of Irony

by Ian Cooper

I should make clear before I begin a defense of irony that I am in fact being sincere. In other words, I truly believe that irony—the rhetorical embrace of paradox and multiple meanings—is valuable. Though I suppose that a sincere defense of irony is in itself a little ironic. But I just want to say, from the start, that I actually mean it. Really. (I can see this is going to be harder than I thought.)

Normally irony would need no defense. But there seems to be the distant murmur—a ripple perhaps—of a coming backlash against irony. The first evidence of this is in the form of a heartfelt book, "For Common Things: Irony, Trust, and Commitment in America Today," by a home-schooled whippersnapper (born in 1974!) with the sincere name of Jedediah Purdy. And he’s not talking about that Alanis Morrissette song, where "Ironic" seems to be defined as anything that’s kind of a bummer. (Morrissette, being Canadian, should be better acquainted with the concept.)

Purdy identifies irony as being at the heart of the current malaise of the American soul. It is not just shallow cynicism, but a more fundamental distaste for openly believing in what’s right and striving for it. Irony in this form leads not only to a general disengagement from public life—in which people are cynical about politicians but don’t bother to do anything about it—but even an inability to make direct emotional connections.

Now I should say that while Americans might think that they are suffering from an epidemic of irony, to an outsider this is still a deeply earnest country. It is a place where people still sing the national anthem with hand on heart, where Oprah rules the airwaves, and where Ronald Reagan could be elected President (though the latter could be a sign of a profound ironic streak). I suppose that were you to search, you could find a country, which is less ironic than America. Like, say, Iran.

But I digress. I’m not going to quibble with Jedediah about the private, emotional side of things, where too much irony can definitely be a problem. (The test here is that you should be able to look your lover straight in the eye and say flat out, "I love you." If you can only say it in a way that sounds italicized or in quotation marks, or you can only say, "I loves ya," accompanied by a wink and two pointed index fingers in pop-gun style, then you should seek therapy immediately.) But in public life irony is indispensable.

Irony is at the heart of the ability, requiring a certain mental agility, to believe in something and doubt it at the same time. This is essential, for example, to the scientific method of inquiry, in which—rather perversely—you try your best to disprove something in order to reach the tentative conclusion that it’s true. (Kansas School Board, take note.) It is also necessary for a clear-eyed view of history, allowing you to acknowledge, say, Thomas Jefferson’s brilliance and his hypocrisy at the same time. But most basically, it allows a healthy skepticism towards political leaders, institutions, and ideologies. The ironic mind is the opposite of the totalitarian mind.

It is in satire—especially political satire—that irony is put to its sharpest use. Non-satirical political humor is hollow because it has the comfortable effect of confirming your prejudices rather than exercising your critical faculties. (Every joke that Jay Leno tells fits into this category: Bill Clinton = womanizer, Al Gore = wooden, Linda Tripp = fat, Monica Lewinsky = oral sex.) Satire, by contrast, plays with and subverts your political beliefs. In "A Modest Proposal," Jonathan Swift wrote that the problems of malnutrition and overpopulation could be solved in a stroke if only people ate newborn babies. His logic was impeccable and his style deadpan, so that his true intent—to draw attention to the misery—snuck up on the reader.

That is irony at its best, put to use for the advancement of the public good.

I mean it. Really.

C

IMAGES OF THANKSGIVING DINNER

Some people see the turkey
Roasted to a golden brown
Some people think of families
That come from out of town.
Some remember fondly
That there's no school for the day,
And maybe one or two are glad
That Grandma comes to stay.
But when I think "Thanksgiving"
I have some different wishes,
'Cause for me it usually means
Just stacks of dirty dishes!
Linda G. Paulsen

Q: What key has legs and can't open doors?

A: A Turkey.

Q: What did the mother turkey say to her disobedient children?

A: If your father could see you now, he'd turn over in his gravy!

Q: If April showers bring May flowers what do May flowers bring?

A: Pilgrims!

Q: Why did the turkey cross the road?

A: It was the chicken's day off.

A gentleman was having some physical problems and his doctor told him that he had to drink warm water one hour before breakfast. At the end of a week he returned and the doctor asked if he was feeling better. The man said that he actually felt worse.

"Did you drink warm water an hour before breakfast each day?"

"No," replied the man, "All I could do was about 15 minutes!"

A man enters the pro shop and, scanning like a HP Laser-Jet, looks around frowning.

Finally the pro asks him what he wants.

"I can't find any green golf balls," he replies.

The pro looks all over the shop, through all the catalogs, and finally calls the manufacturers. Sure enough, he determines that there are no green golf balls.

As the man walks out the door in disgust, the pro asks him, "Before you go, could you tell me why you want green golf balls?"

"Well, obviously! Because they'd be so much easier to find in the sand traps!!"

I AM THANKFUL...

...for the taxes that I pay because it means that I am employed.

...for the mess to clean after a party because it means I have been surrounded by friends.

...for the clothes that fit a little too snug because it means I have enough to eat.

...for my shadow who watches me work because it means I am out in the sunshine.

...for a lawn that needs mowing, windows that need cleaning and gutters that need fixing because it means I have a home.

...for all the complaining I hear about the government because it means we have freedom of speech.

...for the spot I find at the far end of the parking lot because it means I am capable of walking.

...for the lady behind me in church who sings off key because it means that I can hear.

...for the piles of laundry and ironing because it means I have clothes to wear.

...for weariness and aching muscles at the end of the day because it means I have been productive.

...for the alarm that goes off in the early morning hours because it means that I am alive.

...for getting too much e-mail because it lets me know I have friends who are thinking of me.

TOP TEN SIGNS YOU'VE EATEN TOO MUCH AT THANKSGIVING DINNER

10. Hundreds of volunteers have started to stack sandbags around you.

9. Doctor tells you your weight would be perfect for a man 17 feet tall.

8. You are responsible for a slight but measurable shift in the earth's axis.

7. Right this minute you're laughing up pie on the carpet.

6. You decide to take a little nap and wake up in mid-July.

5. World's fattest man sends you a telegram, warning you to "back off!"

4. CBS tells you to lose weight or else.

3. Getting off your couch requires help from the fire department.

2. Every escalator you step on immediately grinds to a halt.

1. You're sweatin' gravy.

Top Ten Signs That You've Bought a Cheap Car

10. Your tinted windows are also known as Hefty Garbage Bags.

9. The car reaches its optimum speed when going downhill.

8. The hi-tech stereo system often requires a new needle.

7. The rear-view mirror says, "Objects in Mirror Are Better Than This Piece of Junk."

6. The odometer on the dashboard is not as sophisticated as the everyday abacus.

5. Traffic Watch warns other drivers what highway you're taking.

4. The sticker on the windshield says, "Batteries Not Included."

3. You fill up the tank with Unleaded Coals.

2. You can only go to restaurants that offer Valet Pushing.

And, without further ado, the number one sign you bought a cheap car:

1. When you pass hitchhikers, they put their thumbs down.

 

 

III-8

Адвербиальные обороты

Any longer больше не, дольше:

When the boiling point is reached, adding heat to the liquid does not raise its temperature any longer.

Когда достигнута точка кипения, то дальнейшая подача тепла к жидкости больше не повышает ее температуры.

No longer больше не, дольше:

Dry steam is no longer а vapour and may be considered as a gas.

Сухой пар не является больше паром и может рассматриваться как газ.

As a result в результате, в конце концов:

Lines of force around the conductor appear as a result of a current flow through the conductor.

Силовые линии вокруг проводника возникают в результате движения тока через проводник.

At all совсем

(употребляется для усиления отрицания):

We detected in this substance no impurities at all.

Мы совсем не обнаружили примесей в этом веществе.

At first сначала:

The voltage of the a.c. during a cycle at first rises and then falls.

Напряжение переменного тока в течение цикла сначала повышается, а затем падает.

At last наконец:

We have at last penetrated into the secrets of the atom.

Мы, наконец, проникли в тайну атома.

At least по крайней мере:

At least 50 unstable isotopes have been found in nature.

По крайней мере, 50 нестойких изотопов были обнаружены в природе.

At once сразу, немедленно:

The sedimentation ceased at оnсе.

Осаждение прекратилось немедленно.

At present в настоящее время, теперь:

At present prices have a tendency to go high.

В настоящее время цены постоянно повышаются.

In fact фактически, в действительности:

In fact, the theoretical efficiency of a heat engine is always far below 100 per cent.

Фактически теоретическая эффективность теплового двигателя всегда значительно ниже 100°.

In this way таким путем, таким образом:

We have raised the temperature and, in this way, accelerated the process of evaporation.

Мы подняли температуру, и таким путем, ускорили процесс испарения.

Упражнения