Exercise 16. Describe the notion “polyclinic” using the following table.

1. The type of establishment.
2. The services provided.
3. Its structural units.
4. The specialists working at it.
5. When we need it.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: стан пацієнта оглянути пацієнта викликати лікаря міряти кров’яний тиск призначити лікування отримати лікарняний лист слухати серце та легені пацієнта поставити правильний діагноз зробити назначений укол дотримуватися постільного режиму   II. Дайте відповідь на наступні питання: What will a person do in case of illness? What specialists work at the polyclinic? What help the physician to make a correct diagnosis? Where is the information about the patient’s condition written down? What does a doctor do during the medical examination?   III. Розкрийте поняття: поліклініка районний лікар

 

Hospital

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

death, n	[deƟ]	смерть
department, n	[di'pa:tmənt]	відділення
dose, n	[dous]	доза
dosage, n	['dousiʤ]	дозування
hospitalize, v	['hᴐspitəlaiz]	госпіталізувати
indicate, v	['indikeit]	вказувати, позначати
initial, adj.	[i'niʃəl]	початковий, первісний
inpatient, adj.	['inˏpeiʃənt]	стаціонарний
intramuscular, adj.	[ˏintrə 'mʌskjʋlə]	внутрішньом’язовий
intravenous, adj.	[intrə'vi:nəs]	внутрішньовений
keep (kept, kept), v	[ki:p]	тримати, зберігати
outpatient, adj.	['autˏpeiʃənt]	амбулаторний
prescribe, v	[pri'skraib]	прописувати, призначати
result from, v	[ri'zʌlt]	відбуватися внаслідок
prevent, v	[pri'vent]	попереджувати
reception ward, n	[ri'sepʃən 'wᴐ:d]	приймальне відділення
recovery, n	[ri'kʌvəri]	одужання
round, n	[raund]	обхід (хворих лікарем)
relieve, v	[ri'li:v]	полегшувати, знімати (біль)

Exercise 2. Read correctly:

u [ˈʝu:]: due, use, excuse, duty, usually, unit, attitude, future, computer;

u [u:]: blue, fluid, include, rule, true, fruit, cruise, juice, June;

u [ʌ]: insult, ulcer, lung, gut, gullet, buttock, cuspid, muscle, intramuscular, ultrasound;

ow [au] in mid position: down, town, gown, crowd, brown, shower + allow, now, how;

ow [ou] in end position: below, flow, grow, know, low, show, snow, throw, blow

 

Exercise 3. a) Form different parts of speech. Explain the meaning of affixes. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:

1. form nouns and verbs with the help of the prefix over-: production, heat, dosage, weight, to eat, to sleep, to react, to estimate;

2. form adjectives with the help of the prefix un-: favourable, clear, likely, conditioned, controllable, duly, safe, comfortable;

3. form adjectives with the help of the prefix intra-: muscular, venous, abdominal, hepatic, intestinal, nasal, oral;

4. form verbs with the help of the prefix re-: to write, to make, to play, to produce, to generate, to bandage, to form, to gain.

b) Make up your own sentences with them.

Exercise 4. Read the following word-combinations and translate them:

to be admitted to the hospital, inpatient and outpatient, to fill in a case history, to make an initial diagnosis, to carry out different procedures, overdosage of a drug, to cause death, to make the daily rounds of wards, to take the patient's temperature, to give intravenous and intramuscular injections, to take an electrocardiogram, to carry out on an empty stomach, to prescribe remedies, to administer a bed regimen, to relieve stomachache, to follow a diet.

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Hospital

Hospital is a special medical institution that is aimed at treatment and prevention of various diseases and protection of people’s health.

When patients are admitted to the hospital first of all they are received by a nurse on duty at the reception ward. Those patients who are to be hospitalized have already received the direction from the polyclinic. The nurse on duty fills in patients' case histories in which she writes down their name, age, place of work, occupation, address, complaints and sometimes the initial diagnosis made by a doctor at the polyclinic.

Then a doctor on duty examines the hospitalized patients and gives his instructions what department and ward the patients are to be admitted to: Intensive Care Unit, Surgery, Gynecology, Maternity, etc. He also determines if the patient requires inpatient or outpatient treatment.

At the inpatient department of a hospital life begins early in the morning. The nurse on duty carries out various procedures: she takes the patients' temperature, gives them intramuscular and intravenous injections or sets a dropper if administered before, takes stomach juice for analysis. Besides, she leads the patients to different instrumental examinations such as gastroscopy or ultrasound of the abdominal cavity organs that are usually carried out on an empty stomach. The nurse also gives all the prescribed remedies in the doses indicated by the ward doctors.

The nurses keep all the drugs in special drug cabinets. All the drugs have special labels. The names of drugs are indicated on them. Patients are not allowed to take the medicines themselves because some drugs are poisonous, the overdosage of some other drugs may cause unfavourable reactions and even death.

At about nine o'clock in the morning the doctors begin the daily rounds of the wards during which they examine all the patients. After the medical examination, the doctors administer the patients different procedures: electrocardiograms are taken, laboratory analyses of blood, urine and gastric juice are made, gastroscopy and ultrasound are carried out. Some patients are administered a bed regimen, others are allowed to walk; some are to follow a diet to relieve stomachache or prevent unfavourable results in case of stomach troubles. All the doctors always treat the patients with great attention and care. There is no doubt that such a hearty attitude of the doctors to the patients helps much in their recovery.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. Who and where are the patients received by when admitted to the hospital?

2. What do patients receive from the polyclinic when it’s necessary to hospitalize them?

3. What is usually written in a patient’s case history?

4. What does a doctor decide concerning the patient?

5. What are the duties of a nurse?

6. Where are the drugs usually kept at hospital?

7. Why aren’t patients allowed to take the medicines themselves?

8 What procedures can be administered to a patient?

Exercise 7. Find the English equivalents to the word-combinations given below:

потрапити до лікарні, ставити крапельницю, оглядати госпіталізованих хворих, в стаціонарі, амбулаторне відділення, отримати направлення з поліклініки, заповнювати історії хвороб, натщесерце, брати шлунковий сік на аналіз, палатний лікар, ультразвукове дослідження органів черевної порожнини, приймати прописані ліки, спеціалізовані шафи для ліків, викликати несприятливі реакції, назначати різні процедури, знімати біль у шлунку, щире ставлення до хворих.

 

Exercise 8. a) Join adjectives and nouns to make up word-combinations:

1. initial 2. intramuscular 3. unfavourable 4. instrumental 5. poisonous 6. daily 7. abdominal 8. stomach

a) examination b) drugs c) trouble d) injection e) cavity f) diagnosis g) rounds h) results

b) Join verbs and nouns to make up word-combinations:

1. to protect 2. to hospitalize 3. to administer 4. to require 5. to take 6. to set 7. to give 8. to relieve

a) procedures b) temperature c) medicines d) dropper e) people’s health f) treatment g) stomache h) patients

c) Make up your own sentences with the received word-combinations and ask your groupmates to translate them.

Exercise 9. Match the term with its definition:

1. analysis 2. daily round 3. electrocardiogram 4. gastroscopy 5. injection 6. medical examination 7. treatment 8. ultrasound	a) the graphic record of the heart work and its possible disorders b) the intramuscular or intravenous procedure when the skin is punctured c) the procedure of making a patient recover with the help of medicines d) the general checkup of a patient by a doctor e) the usual every-morning activity of a doctor on duty f) external examination of the human body with the help of special sounds g) the procedure when a patient passes his blood or urine for a detailed laboratory study h) an unpleasant procedure which is carried out on an empty stomach so as to reveal its disorders
1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.

Exercise 10. Guess what word is meant:

1.A person who is treated by the doctor is a _________________.

2. A medical document where the patient’s information is written down is a _______________.

3. A patient who comes to hospital to receive treatment and then returns home is called _____________.

4. When a patient shouldn’t eat before a procedure is known as ________________.

5. To relieve stomachache it’s necessary to follow a strict __________________.

6. A patient who receives treatment at hospital for some time is called ________________.

7. The period when the patient’s condition is improving is called a ________________.

8. The place where the nurse keeps the drugs is a _____________ _____________.

Exercise 11. Fill in the gaps paying attention to the prepositions. Translate sentences into Ukrainian:

1. When admitted … the hospital, a patient needs the direction … the polyclinic.

2. The life … the in-patient department begins … nine o’clock … the morning.

3. There is always a nurse … duty … the reception ward.

4. … case of stomach troubles you should follow … a strict diet.

5. Doctors fill … their patients’ case-histories every day.

6. The initial diagnosis made … the doctor was flu.

7. The gastroscopy is the procedure carried … … an empty stomach.

8. In the future I’d like to work … the surgical department.

 

Exercise 12. Put the words into the correct order and write down the sentences. Name the type of each question:

1. to / dangerous / Is / life / disease / this?

2. the / What / drug / of / the / effect / was?

3. of / Mr. / did / What / complain / White?

4. the / attack / system / will / What / infection?

5. remember / doctor’s / your / district / you / Do / name?

6. the / helps / out / administrations / Who / doctor / carry / to / his?

7. they / keep / The / in / nurses / cabinets / drugs / do / special / not?

8. at / of / begin / a.m. / the / daily / doctor / 8 / wards / his / rounds / Does / 9?

Exercise 13. Re-write sentences opening the brackets:

1. She (to go) to the library after classes.

2. They (to study) heart diseases last Friday.

3. The body (to consist) of organs and systems.

4. Histology (to deal) with the study of tissues.

5. The patient’s sleep (to affect) by nightmare last week.

6. The 1^st-year students always (to learn) a lot of Latin terms.

7. The nurses (to take) good care of him after the last operation.

8. If my district doctor (to be) in the morning, he (to come) to visit me.

 

Exercise 14. Translate sentences into English:

1. Деякі процедури проводять натщесерце.

2. Де медичні сестри зберігають ліки в лікарні?

3. Мені будуть ставити крапельниці протягом наступного тижня.

4. Погані звички у харчуванні можуть спричиняти біль у шлунку.

5. О котрій годині черговий лікар починає щоденний обхід хворих?

6. Гарне ставлення лікаря до хворого сприяє його швидкому одужанню.

7. Чи медична сестра записала ваші персональні дані в історію хвороби? – Так, звичайно.

8. Йому необхідно зробити гастроскопію, щоб підтвердити діагноз виразки шлунку.

Exercise 15. a) Dwell upon the following topics:

1) the duties of a nurse on duty;

2) the procedures that can be administered to a patient.

 

b) Describe “hospital” using the following table:

1. The type of establishment.
2. The procedure of admission to hospital.
3. The nurses’ duties.
4. The rules of taking medicines.
5. The daily round.

 

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

І. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення: оглядати госпіталізованих хворих заповнювати історію хвороби приймати прописані ліки викликати несприятливі реакції назначати різні процедури ставити крапельницю сприяти швидкому одужанню робити уколи попередити шлункові проблеми проводити дослідження шлунку натщесерце   ІІ. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: What are the duties of a nurse? Where are the drugs usually kept at hospital? What is usually written in a patient’s case history? What procedures can a ward doctor administer to a patient? Why aren’t patients allowed to take the medicines themselves?   ІІІ. Розкрийте поняття: лікарня

 

 

 

 

Emergency Medical Service

 

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

adhesive plaster, n	[əd'hi:siv 'pla:stə]	лейкопластир
ampoule, n	['æmpu:l]	ампула
antibiotics, n, pl.	[æntibai'ɔtiks]	антибіотики
artificial, adj.	[ˏa:tiˈfiʃəl]	штучний
antipyretics, n, pl.	[ˏæntipai'retik]	жарознижувальні засоби
disposable syringe, n	[disˈpəuzəbl si’rinʤ]	одноразовий шприц
emetics, n, pl.	[iˈmetiks]	засоби, які викликають блювоту
enema, n	[ˈenimə]	клізма
first-aid kit, n	[ˈfɜ:st ˈeid ˈkit]	медична аптечка
injury, n	['inʤәri]	пошкодження, травма
iodine, n	[ˈaiədain]	йод
non-registered nurse, n	[ˏnɔnˈreʤistəd ˈnɜ:s]	молодша медична сестра
paramedic, n	[ˏpærəˈmedik]	фельдшер
severe, adj.	[siˈviə]	серйозний
suppository, n	[səˈpɔzitəri]	свічка
team, n	[ti:m]	бригада (швидкої допомоги)
tourniquet, n	[ˈtuənikei]	джгут
vial, n	[ˈvaiəl]	флакон

 

Exercise 2. Read correctly:

qu [kw]: quick, equip, equipment, liquid, frequent, queen, question, request;

qu [k]: cheque, tuque, toque, unique, technique, plaque, physique, picturesque;

qua [kwɔ:]: quantity, quality, quarter, quarrel, quadrant, squad, qualification;

et [kei]: tourniquet, bouquet, sachet, ballet, carnet, cabaret.

 

Exercise 3. a) Form different parts of speech. Explain the meaning of affixes:

1) form nouns from the verbs with the suffix – ion: to dictate, to state, to inject, to protect, to consult, to obstruct, to erupt, to complete;

2) form nouns from the verbs with the suffix –er: to teach, to lecture, to write, to read, to work, to help, to examine, to drive;

3) form nouns from adjectives with the suffix –ness: ill, weak, dark, great, kind, happy, lazy, tough;

4) form adjectives from verbs with the suffix –able: to consider, to change, to eat, to absorb, to drink, to rely, to reason, to question.

 

Exercise 4. Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian. Make up your own sentences:

to provide:to provide population with medicines, to provide body with oxygen, to provide the injured people with first aid, to provide hospitals with things for medical care, to provide the patient with pills;

to contain: to contain first-aid things, to contain narcotic drugs, to contain harmful substances, to contain iodine and brilliant green, to contain masks for personal protection;

to relieve: to relieve pain, to relieve toothache, to relieve anxiety, to relieve fear, to relieve seizures;

to receive: to receive the call, to receive the findings of analyses, to receive the doctor’s instructions, to receive symptomatic treatment, to receive antibiotic therapy.

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Emergency Medical Service

Emergency medical service (EMS) is a medical service that provides out-of-hospital medical care and transportation of patients with illnesses and injuries to hospitals. It is carried out by the specialized facility called the First Aid Station. It is on duty day and night. Calls are made to the First Aid Station in case of an accident or a sudden severe illness. All ambulances are equipped with first-aid kits. First-aid kit is a special case which contains the necessary things for rendering the first aid and making a diagnosis. There are ampoules, boxes, vials with different drugs and tubes with liniment; alcohol, cotton wadding, disposable syringes for IV and IM injections; antiseptics, brilliant green, iodine, adhesive plasters to clean and close wounds; bandage and tourniquet to stop bleeding; inhalers for people suffering from respiratory diseases; enema, probe, hot water bottle for those who have troubles with the gastrointestinal tract; masks and gloves for the first-aid doctors for their personal protection. Among medicines, there are pain-killers, tonics, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory remedies, emetics and anti-emetics, antipyretics, sedatives and hypnotics, laxatives and suppositories in the first-aid kit. It may contain even narcotic medicines to relieve pain in severe cases. The ambulances also carry artificial respiration apparatus, sets of splints and stretchers, thermometers to take the temperature, tonometers to measure blood pressure, portable electrocardiograph to monitor a patient’s heart work.

There are several kinds of ambulance teams that are trained to deliver specialized medical aid: cardiac intensive care teams, psychiatric care teams, children’s emergency, etc. Each ambulance is equipped with appropriate instruments according to their qualification.

All ambulances are radio equipped. To call in an ambulance it is necessary to dial up 103. The dispatcher is responsible for the “pre-arrival” instructions: he receives the call, asks for all the important details (e.g., the address of an accident, types of injuries) and then directs the corresponding ambulance.

The ambulance team consists of an ambulance doctor, medical assistant (or paramedic), and non-registered nurse. The main task of the ambulance doctor is to make a correct diagnosis quickly. That’s why he must know emergency surgery, toxicology, emergency therapy, obstetrics and gynecology. The paramedic helps the doctor and prepares the necessary instruments for a certain procedure. The duty of the non-registered nurse is to keep the first-aid kit in order. There is also an ambulance driver who is trained to transport people carefully.

In Ukraine, there are government-financed and private ambulance services. The main function of the latter is mainly to transport a patient to the hospital.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What is Emergency medical service?

2. What does the emergency medical service provide?

3. How many hours do the First Aid Stations work?

4. What are the ambulances equipped with?

5. What does the first-aid kit contain?

6. What drugs are there in the first-aid kit?

7. What are the members of the ambulance team? What are their duties?

8. What types of ambulance services are in Ukraine?

 

Exercise 7. Guess the word:

1. anti-inflammatory drugs 2. antipyretics 3. analgesics 4. emetics 5. hypnotics 6. laxatives 7. sedatives 8. suppositories

a) medicines that decrease fever b) medicines that are used to calm down and relax the patient c) medicines for relieving constipation d) solid medicines that are inserted into the rectum where they melt and affect the body e) medicines that relieve pain, they are also called pain-killers f) medicines that produce vomiting g) medicines that help to reduce inflammation h) medicines that produce sleep

1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.

Exercise 8. Join the words so as to make up word-combinations. Translate them into Ukrainian:

1. out-of-hospital 2. disposable 3. non-registered 4. pre-arrival 5. government-financed 6. anti-inflammatory 7. first-aid 8. respiratory

a) nurse b) remedies c) services d) kits e) syringes f) diseases g) medical care h) instructions

 

Exercise 9. Find the appropriate object to each verb. Make up your own sentence with one of the expression:

List A – Verbs: to measure, to render, to monitor, to close, to relieve, to suffer from, to make, to stop;

List B – Nouns: bleeding, a diagnosis, first aid, pain, wounds, blood pressure, a disease, the heart work.

 

Exercise 10. True or false?

1. Masks and gloves in the first-aid kit are necessary for the doctor’s personal protection.

2. The patient’s blood pressure is measured with the help of the portable electrocardiograph.

3. To take the temperature, nurses use thermometers.

4. Bleeding can be easily stopped with brilliant green or iodine or some other antiseptic.

5. Stretchers are used when a person has broken his leg.

6. Gastrointestinal disorders can be relieved with the help of enema, probe, hot water bottle.

7. The ambulance doctor monitors the patient’s heart work with portable artificial respiration apparatus.

8. A person suffering from asthma needs to use a set of splints.

 

Exercise 11. Translate the words in italics:

1. Out-of-hospital medical care is provided by станцією швидкої допомоги.

2. Each ambulance has медичні аптечки with антисептиками, знеболюючими, заспокійливими, жарознижувальними засобами, etc.

3. The First Aid Stations are чергуванні all day long, and they are always ready надати першу медичну допомогу.

4. There are several kinds of ambulance teams: кардіо-реанімаційні, психіатричні, дитячі, so on.

5. It is the dispatcher who відповідає за the “pre-arrival” instructions.

6. An ambulance doctor, фельдшер and молодша медична сестра are the members of an ambulance team.

7. The main thing in the work of the ambulance doctor is поставити правильний діагноз quickly.

8. In Ukraine there are державні та приватні ambulance services.

Exercise 12. a) Fill in the table:

Model: early – earlier – earliest

patiently – more patiently – most patiently

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
cold
late
usefully
carelessly
badly
little
many
easy

 

b) Insert the appropriate form of the adverb. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. He runs … than me. (fast)

2. She came … of all. (early)

3. You should eat … spicy food. (little)

4. He wrote his exam … than any of us. (well)

5. It rained … last night than last week. (heavily)

6. It took me … than usual to make a correct diagnosis. (long)

7. He worked … and … each time to achieve the best results. (hard)

8. Everyone treated him … than other patients at hospital. (kindly)

Exercise 13. Re-write sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Translate sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Emergency medical service always (to provide) out-of-hospital medical care.

2. Yesterday, the ambulance (to transport) him to the trauma unit.

3. I (to call) in an ambulance, if the temperature (to keep) rising.

4. The nurse (to close) the wound with adhesive plaster after she’s cleaned it.

5. Emetics are the drugs that (to make) you vomit.

6. The dispatcher (to be) responsible for the “pre-arrival” instructions.

7. All the ambulances (to have) first-aid kits.

8. The ambulance driver (to transport) patients carefully.

 

Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Ampoules, boxes and vials contain different drugs.

2. Disposable syringes are used for IV and IM injections.

3. The doctor gave his patient some sedative to calm him down.

4. She was administered procedure with probe because of gastric troubles.

5. He will take laxatives to relieve constipation.

6. It is necessary to dial up 103 to call in an ambulance.

7. During the examination the physician measured his blood pressure.

8. The role of the non-registered nurse is to keep the first-aid kit in order.

 

Exercise 15. a) Arrange the following sentences in order to describe the first-aid kit:

1. The first-aid kit may also contain narcotic medicines to relieve severe pain.

2. For example, there is alcohol, cotton wadding, disposable syringes for IV and IM injections.

3. Bandage and tourniquet are applied to stop bleeding.

4. Besides, there are antiseptics, brilliant green, iodine, adhesive plasters used to clean and close wounds.

5. Among medicines, there are pain-killers, antibiotics, emetics and anti-emetics, antipyretics, sedatives, laxatives, etc.

6. First-aid kit is a special case that contains all the necessary things for rendering the first aid.

 

b) Describe the “first-aid station” according to the plan in the table:

1. The type of establishment.
2. The services provided.
3. The equipment.
4. The ambulance team.
5. Kinds of EMS.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

І. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: надавати першу медичну допомогу станція швидкої допомоги чергувати весь день добре забезпечена медична аптечка зупинити кровотечу штучний дихальний апарат знімати біль спостерігати за роботою серця кардіо-реанімаційна бригада швидкої жарознижувальні та блювотні засоби   ІІ. Дайте відповідь на наступні питання: What does the emergency medical service provide? How many hours do the First Aid Stations work? What are the ambulances equipped with? What does the first-aid kit contain? What drugs are there in the first-aid kit?   ІІІ. Розкрийте поняття: швидка медична допомога аптечка

Examination of the Patient

 

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

breathlessness, n	['breθlisnis]	задуха
cough, n	['kɔ:f]	кашель
dizziness, n	[ˈdizinis]	запаморочення
edema, n	[iˈdi:mə]	набряк
estimate, v	[ˈestimеit]	оцінювати
fissure, n	[ˈfi∫ә]	тріщина
fracture, n	[ˈfrækt∫ә]	перелом
haemorrhage, n	['hemәriʤ]	кровотеча
headache, n	['hedeik]	головний біль
height, n	[hait]	ріст
mental, adj	[ˈmentl]	розумовий, психічний
murmur, n	[ˈmɜ:mə]	шум
palpation, n	[pælˈpeiʃn]	пальпація (прощупування)
pathogenesis, n	[ˏpæθəˈʤenisis]	патогенез (шлях та механізм розвитку хвороби)
percussion, n	[pəˈkʌʃn]	перкусія (простукування)
rales, n, pl.	[ra:lz]	хрипи
reveal, v	[riˈvi:l]	виявляти
swelling, n	[ˈsweliƞ]	припухлість

 

Exercise 2. Read correctly:

ture [ʧə]: picture, fracture, nature, mixture, lecture, culture, fixture, creature, temperature;

sure [ʒə]: pleasure, measure, treasure, exposure, seizure, BUT ssure [ʃə]: pressure;

(t)ch [ʧ]: chill, chest, chin, cheek, each, much, rich, cheese, torch, touch, match, kitchen;

ch [k]: mechanism, headache, chemistry, stomach, character, technique, scheme, school;

g [g]: g a in, g o ssip, g u llet, fla g, g roin, gold, good, beg, glad, gall-bladder, gut;

g [ʤ]: g e m, g i n, g y m, stage, age, gel, luggage, damage, image, genesis, cage;

BUT g [g]: g i ft, g i rl, g e t, g i ve.

Exercise 3. a) Form the nouns with the term-elements. Explain the meaning of term-elements. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:

a) form the nouns with the term-element -ache: head, ear, stomach, back, tooth, arm;

b) form the nouns with the term-element patho-: genesis, biology, biochemistry, anatomy, metabolism, occlusion, physiology;

c) form the nouns with the term-element haemo-: capillary, diagnosis, dynamics, globin, dialysis, angioma.

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word-combinations:

diagnosis: correct diagnosis, incorrect diagnosis, exact diagnosis, the diagnosis of nephritis, to make a diagnosis;

disease: a pulmonary disease, a renal disease, a mental disease, to reveal a disease, to cure a disease;

examination: examination of the patient, proper examination, physical examination, visual examination, instrumental examination;

procedure: an easy procedure, a difficult procedure, a necessary procedure, to administer a procedure, to carry out a procedure on an empty stomach;

symptom: an objective symptom, a subjective symptom, a severe symptom, a mild symptom, the symptoms of pneumonia.

 

Exercise 5. Read the words and translate them without dictionary:

aetiology, auscultation, accumulation, cystoscopy, dysfunction, electrocardiogram, leukocytosis, palpation, tuberculosis, pathogenesis, percussion.

 

Exercise 6. Read and translate the following word-combinations:

before treating; to establish a diagnosis; to determine the aetiology of the disease; to know well the pathogenesis of the disease; a number of different procedures; history-taking; to include palpation, percussion, auscultation; to consist of urinalysis and blood analysis; to take electrocardiogram; to estimate the physical and mental state; to carry out an examination; to determine the borders of internal organs; fractures and fissures.

 

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Examination of the Patient

Before treating the patient it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis of the disease and to determine its aetiology, i.e. the causes of the disease. The examining doctor must know well the pathogenesis of any disease, i.e. the way and mechanism of its development, as well as the symptoms revealing it.

A number of different procedures is used to establish a diagnosis: history-taking; physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation; laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies, for example, taking electrocardiograms or cystoscopy, X-ray examination and others.

For determining a disease, it is very important to know its symptoms, i.e. the signs of a disease. They are breathlessness, edema, cough, chill, vomiting, fever, haemorrhage, headache, rash, swelling and others. Some of these symptoms are objective, e.g., haemorrhage or vomiting, because they are determined by objective study, while others, such as headache or dizziness are subjective, since they are evident only to the patient.

The physical examination includes three stages: general examination; local examination; examination of body systems.

On general examination, the patient is examined from head to toes: this helps to estimate the physical and mental state of the patient. The doctor also determines the patient’s weight and height, observes his facial expression, movements, speech, state of lymphatic nodes, muscles, bones, joints.

On local examination, the doctor examines the patient’s head, eyes, nose, ears, oral cavity, neck, thyroid gland, etc. to estimate the functional state of particular parts of the body.

Examination of body systems includes the study of the respiratory, endocrine, nervous and other systems. On this stage, the doctor applies the technique of palpation and percussion to determine whether the borders of internal organs are normal or abnormal. By means of auscultation he can reveal rales in the lungs in case of pneumonia or bronchitis, or heart murmurs if a patient suffers from cardio-vascular diseases.

Laboratory analyses are important as well. Blood analysis revealing leukocytosis immediately indicates the presence of inflammation in the body. Urinalyses help to reveal the presence of urinary tract infections such as cystitis, nephritis or pyelonephritis. Analysis of sputum is performed to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Instrumental procedures also help to determine health problems. Electrocardiograms are necessary to monitor the heart work. X-ray usually shows the borders and structure of the internal organs, fractures and fissures, accumulation of liquid in the lungs, etc.

So, examination of the patient is a complex procedure helping to timely reveal diseases or dysfunctions of any organs and start their treatment.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What is it necessary to know to make a correct diagnosis?

2. What kind of procedures are used to establish a diagnosis?

3. What groups can symptoms be divided into?

4. What is the difference between the objective and subjective symptoms?

5. What does the scheme of the physical examination include?

6. What is examined during each stage of physical examination?

7. Why are laboratory analyses important?

8. What does X-ray help to reveal?

 

Exercise 9. Match the English word-combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. history-taking and auscultation	а) прощупування та простукування
2. to make a diagnosis	b) кровотеча та висип
3. palpation and percussion	c) запаморочення та кашель
4. X-ray and urinalysis	d) переломи та тріщини
5. haemorrhage and rash	e) ознаки та симптоми
6. fractures and fissures	f) поставити діагноз
7. signs and symptoms	g) збирання анамнезу та прослуховування
8. dizziness and cough	h) Рентген та аналіз сечі

Exercise 10. Match the symptoms with their explanations:

1. haemorrhage 2. cough 3. headache 4. rash 5. fever 6. vomiting 7. chill 8. edema

a) small red spots on the skin b) removal of the contents of the stomach c) feeling of coldness during high fever d) pain in the head e) profuse bleeding from injured blood vessels f) accumulation of fluid under the skin or in the body cavities g) high body temperature h) reflex which helps to remove foreign substances and microbes from the airways

1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.

 

Exercise 11. Guess what disease is described:

Model: inflammation of the lungs is pneumonia.

1. inflammation of the kidneys

2. inflammation of the lungs

3. inflammation of the urinary bladder

4. inflammation of bronchi

5. inflammation of the eye conjunctiva

6. pus accumulation around the kidneys

7. lesion in the stomach

8.infection caused by Mycobacteria

 

Exercise 12. Translate the words in italics:

1. Хрипи в легенях usually appear in case of пневмонії чи бронхіту.

2. Increased leukocytosis indicates наявність запалення в організмі.

3. If a patient suffers from серцево-судинних захворювань, he may have шуми у серці.

4. Аналіз сечі helps виявити the presence of urinary tract infections such as цистит та нефрит.

5. On general examination the doctor observes the patient’s вираз обличчя, рухи, мовлення, стан лімфатичних вузлів, м’язів, суглобів.

6. The local examination includes the examination of the patient’s голови, очей, вух, носу, ротової порожнини, шиї, щитовидної залози.

7. Огляд систем організму is carried out by means of прощупування, простукування, прослуховування.

8. Examination of the patient is a комплексна процедура that helps вчасно виявити diseases.

Exercise 13. Fill in with the necessary information from the text:

1. The cause of the disease is known a _________________________________________________.

2. The physical examination includes the following procedures _____________________________.

3. The pathogenesis is known as _____________________________________________________.

4. The instrumental studies may include _______________________________________________.

5. The laboratory studies consist of ___________________________________________________.

6. To make a diagnosis the doctor should make the following procedures _____________________.

7. Three stages of physical examination are: ____________________________________________.

8. The signs of a disease is known as __________________________________________________.

 

Exercise 14. Complete the table:

Physical examination	Laboratory examination	Instrumental examination

Exercise 15. Fill in the sentences with the words from the box:

urinalyses, history-taking, subjective, X-ray, palpation, laboratory, symptom, objective

 

1. Typical sings that can characterize particular disease are called ______________________.

2. Blood tests and sputum analyses are performed during _________________ examination.

3. Haemorrhage, rash, cough are ________________ symptom.

4. Breathlessness, dizziness are _________________ symptom.

5. The fracture of bones can be revealed by ___________________.

6. _____________________ is the first step in patient’s examination.

7. ________________ is performed to determine to boarders of internal organs.

8. The doctors usually administer _________________ to reveal urinary tract infections.

Exercise 16. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. The cause of the disease (to call) aetiology.

2. Yesterday the students (to learn) the pathogenesis of pneumonia.

3. Tomorrow I (to take) the ECG to monitor my heart work.

4. If blood analysis (to reveal) leukocytosis, the patient (to administer) antibiotics.

5. The medical examination (to carry) out twice a year, as a rule.

6. The stomach troubles of the patient (to determine) by vomiting.

7. In a week, students (to observe) the professor examine his patients.

8. Good day light (to allow) to estimate the colour of the patient’s skin, conjunctiva, oral cavity.

 

Exercise 17. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. To make a diagnosis the doctor needs the findings of blood analysis.

2. Any disease is usually revealed by its symptoms.

3. The patient was administered uninalysis to confirm cystitis.

4. Objective symptoms include haemorhage, vomiting, cough, etc.

5. She felt dizziness and nausea after taking these pills.

6. Physical examination is the first objective stage in examination of a patient.

7. By means of auscultation the examiner can reveal rales in the lungs heart murmurs.

8. The diagnosis of TB will be confirmed after analysis of sputum.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

І. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: сип та набряк аналіз крові та сечі ряд різних процедур виявляти захворювання проводити фізичний огляд визначити причину захворювання механізм розвитку захворювання прощупування та прослуховування спостерігати за роботою серця показувати переломи та тріщини   ІІ. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: What is it necessary to know to make a correct diagnosis? What kind of procedures are used to establish a diagnosis? What is the difference between the objective and subjective symptoms? Why are laboratory analyses important? What does X-ray help to reveal?   ІІІ. Розкрийте поняття: фізичний огляд симптом

At the Pharmacy

 

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

ambiguity, n	[ˏæmbɪ'gjuːɪtɪ]	двозначність, неясність
consequence, n	[ˈkɔnsikwəns]	наслідок, результат
contraindication, n	[ˏkɔntrəɪndɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]	протипоказання
dangerous, adj	[ˈdeinʤərəs]	небезпечний
dispense, v	[di'spens]	виготовляти (ліки)
drastic, adj	[ˈdræstik]	сильнодіючий
expiry date, n	[ik'spaiəri 'deit]	термін дії
label, v	['leibl]	маркерувати, позначати
over-the-counter, adj.	[ˏəʋvəðə'kauntə]	безрецептурний
poisonous, adj.	['pɔizənəs]	отруйний
prescription, n	[priˈskripʃən]	рецепт
prevent, v	[pri'vent]	попереджати
private, adj.	['praivit]	приватний
psychotropic, adj.	[saikouˈtroupik]	психотропний
supply with, v	[sə'plai]	постачати, забезпечувати
warnings, n, pl.	['wɔːnɪŋz]	попередження
unfavourable	[ʌn'feivərəbl]	несприятливий

 

Exercise 2. Read correctly:

ps [s]: psychotropic, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis, psychiatrist, psychologist, psychic;

ph [f]: pharmacy, philosophy, pharmacology, physician, pharmaceutist, physics, photo, phytotea;

y [ai]: supply, apply, rely, July, good-bye, type, rye;

au [ɔ:]: cause, trauma, autopsy, auscultation, autonomy, nausea, August.

 

Exercise 3. Form nouns and verbs with the help of the prefix over- and translate them into Ukrainian:

Model: dosage – overdosage (дозування – передозування)

age, balance, breathing, capacity, control, growth, strain, weight, to estimate, to grow, to protect, to rate, to charge, to populate, to supply, to come, to drink, to eat.

Exercise 4. Put the words into the appropriate column. Use dictionary if necessary:

muscles, hepatitis, antipyretics, thyroid gland, nausea, analgesics, headache, joints, pneumonia, emetics, pyelonephritis, skin, cough, hypnotics, gastric ulcer, edema, heart, breathlessness, appendicitis, laxatives, rales, sedatives, tuberculosis, suppositories, rash, antibiotics, bones, pain-killers, cystitis, lungs, antiemetics

 

Human body	Diseases	Symptoms	Medicines

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

an institution of health service, to supply with medicines, a wide variety of medical products, municipal and private pharmacies, a chemist's department, a dispensing area, over-the-counter drugs, things for medical care and medical herbs, narcotic and psychotropic drugs, to sell by prescription only, date of dispensing, expiry date, di­rections to the patient, to write out a prescription, to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, to require up to two years of Latin.

 

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

At the Pharmacy

Pharmacy is an institution of health service. It supplies the population with medicines and medical things. It is a place where a wide variety of medical products are sold and prescription can be made; drugs are dispensed and stored. There are different types of pharmacies: municipal, public, private. Each pharmacy has a chemist's department where a consumer can buy over-the-counter drugs and a dispensing area where drugs are sold by prescription only. All medicines are kept in drug cabinets, open shelves and refrigerators at a pharmacy.

At the pharmacy, a person can buy different medicines such as antipyretics, antibiotics, emetics and anti-emetics, laxatives, sedatives, anti-inflammatory drugs, etc. that are sold in the form of tablets, capsules, drops or dragees. However, poisonous, drastic, narcotic and psychotro­pic drugs are sold by prescription only at the dispensing area. As they are potent, they can be dangerous if taken in an overdose. Therefore, their use is strictly controlled.

There is also a wide variety of things for medical care sold at the pharmacy: adhesive plasters, cotton wadding, gauze, disposable syringes, inhalers, enemas, hot water bottles, thermometers, tonometers, etc. Besides, a person can find medical herbs, vitamin and mineral supplements, various kinds of phytotea at the pharmacy.

Every small bottle, a tube or a box of medicine has a label on it. White labels indicate drugs for internal use, yellow ones indicate drugs for external use and blue ones indicate drugs used for injections. The dose to be taken and the directions for the administration are also indicated on a label. Besides, all containers of dispensed medicines have the following particulars: name of the patient, name of the medi­cine, correct dosage instructions, date of dispensing, expiry date, warnings or contraindications, name and address of the pharmacy. It prevents confusing different remedies, some of which are poisonous. Their overdosage may cause unfavourable reactions and sometimes even death.

To buy potent drugs it is necessary to receive a special medical document from the doctor, i.e. prescription. As a rule, prescriptions are written out in Latin abbreviations in continental Europe. The only exception is the “signature” section which contains directions to the patients. That’s why European medical schools require up to two years of Latin as part of the curriculum for medical doctors and pharmacists.

In Great Britain all prescriptions are written out in the English language only. The English don’t use any Latin abbreviations to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding which may lead to serious consequences. If they do use any Latin abbreviations they are quite wide-spread and easy to read (such as p.o., a.m., p.m., p.c., o.d., nocte and so on).

 

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

1. What is a chemist's shop?

2. What departments are there at every pharmacy?

3. What can a person buy at the chemist’s department?

4. What can a person buy at the dispensing area?

5. Where are all the drugs kept at the pharmacy?

6. Why are some drugs sold by prescription only?

7. What are the necessary particulars on the label?

8. What language are the prescriptions written out in GB? Why?

 

Exercise 8. Match the terms with their explanations:

1. a pharmacy 2. a pharmacist 3. a medicine 4. a prescription 5. an overdosage 6. a label 7. a drug cabinet 8. an expiry date

a) a case of taking drugs in excessive amount b) a special time when a medicine can no longer be used c) a small piece of paper which contains the information about the drug d) pills or tablets used for treatment of diseases e) a person who is qualified to compose and dispense drugs f) a storage place for drugs and remedies inside a chemist’s g) a medical facility where one can buy drugs and things for medical care h) a doctor's written instruction for the composition and use of a drug

 

1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.

 

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations in the text:

забезпечувати населення ліками; виготовляти, зберігати та продавати ліки; відділ продажу готових ліків; рецептурний відділ; зберігати у шафах для ліків та відкритих полицях; отруйні та сильнодіючі ліки; суворо контролювати; викликати несприятливі реакції; дата виготовлення та термін зберігання; протипоказання та побічні дії; виникати внаслідок передозування; призводити до серйозних наслідків; ліки, що відпускаються без рецепту.

 

 

Exercise 10. Join the Latin abbreviations with their English equivalents and translate them. Use the dictionary:

1. p.c. 2. q.d.s. 3. s.c. 4. s.l. 5. p.o. 6. c.c. 7. p.r.n. 8. i.v. 9. infusⁿ

a) by mouth b) sublingual c) with meals d) as required e) after food f) intravenous g) four times a day h) infusion i) subcutaneous

 

Exercise 11. Insert the preposition where necessary:

1. You can find this drug … the pharmacy over there.

2. The prescription is written … in Latin.

3. Overdosage causes … serious consequences.

4. I was … a sick-leave twice last year.

5. I keep all the medicines … a small drug cabinet.

6. This procedure consists … listening … the patient’s heart and lungs.

7. Depending … the weather, we’ll either go … the polyclinic or call … a doctor.

8. World Health Organisation supplies … people … the information about epidemics.

 

Exercise 12. a) Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form. Translate the text into Ukrainian:

The structure of a complete prescription (to include) six essential parts: the patient's name, the superscription, the inscription, the subscription, the signature and the prescriber's name.

The superscription (to be) the traditional symbol “Rx”.