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Exercise 14. What are these organs of the body? Put down their names.Содержание книги
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verli - gerfin - unlg - neydik - ladebrd - seno - doabmen - toschma - ethte - refohead -
Exercise 15. Say in English: 1. Основні частини тіла людини – голова, тулуб і кінцівки. 2. Голова складається з двох частин – черепа і лиця. 3. В ротовій порожнині знаходяться зуби, ясна і піднебіння. 4. Верхня частина тулуба – груди, нижня – живіт. 5. Головні органи грудної клітини – серце, легені й стравохід. 6. В черевній порожнині знаходяться шлунок, кишківник, печінка, жовчний міхур, нирки, сечовий міхур. 7. Верхня кінцівка складається з плеча, передпліччя, ліктя, зап’ястя і кисті. 8. Нижня ккінцівка складається з клубу, коліна, щиколотки, ступні.
Exercise 16. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to prepositions: In the chest, in the patient, in the child; at the table, at the academy, at the hospital; on the shoulder, on the wrist; behind the stomach; between the lungs, between the upper arm and the forearm; in front of the hospital, in front of the kidney; near the heart; to the right of the stomach, under the diaphragm, above the diaphragm, above the elbow; below the liver; to the hospital, to the heart; from the heart; into the room, into the muscle; through the heart; out of the lungs. Exercise 17. Fill the blanks with prepositions: 1. There are eyebrows … our eyes. 2. The nose is the organ … smell … which we breathe. 3. The head is connected … the trunk … the neck. 4. The teeth are located … the mouth. 5. We have 5 fingers … each hand. 6. The skeleton protects the organs … injury. 7. The body is covered … the skin. 8. A short finger set apart … the other is called the thumb.
Exercise 18. What parts of the body are described? 1. The movable part of the body at the end of the leg on which a person stands. 2. The upper front part of the body between the neck and the stomach, enclosing the heart and lungs. 3. The part of the face above the mouth which is the organ of smell and through which air is breathed. 4. The opening on the face through which a person can take food into the body and speak. 5. The front part of the head from the chin to the forehead and hair. 6. The lower part of the arm between the hand and the elbow. 7. The lower part of the face above the eyes and below the hair. 8. The front part of the face below the mouth. 9. The front part of the body below the chest. 10. The part of the leg just above the foot.
Exercise 19. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to get some additional information about a human body: 1. Out of these 78 organs of a male or female body, skin is the largest organ. 2. Other major organs of the body have their names, location and functions. 3. The major organ in the body of human beings is the brain. 4. There are almost 78 organs in a human body which have various sizes, functions or actions. 5. The cells in the body organs are highly specialized. 6. An organ is a collection of millions of cells which group together to perform single functions in our body.
Exercise 20. Name the organs and parts of the body localized in: Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Upper extremity Lower extremity
Exercise 21. Speak about a human body according to such points: · basic parts of the human body; · vital organs of the human body · sensory organs Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)
Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:
Exercise 2. Read the following paying attention to the rules of reading: c - [s] before e, i, y – place, cell, acid, circulatory, process, accessory, excess, maintenance c - [k] except before e, i, y - ducts, carbon, testicle, contribute, endocrine, pancreas, excrete
g – [ʤ] before e, i, y – age, agent, oxygen, digestion, ingestion, digestive, cartilage, charged g - [g] except before e, i, y - group, gland, gauze, organism, aggregation, ligament, gamete
Exercise 3. Pronounce correctly and translate: Associated [ə'səʊʃɪeɪtɪd]; skeleton ['skelɪt(ə)n]; circulatory ['sɜ:kjʊlətərɪ]; digestive [dai'ʤestɪv]; respiratory [rɪs'paɪərətərɪ]; electrolyte [ɪ'lektrə(ʊ)lait; urinary ['ju(ə)rɪn(ə)rɪ]; endocrine ['endəʊkr(a)ɪn]; musculoskeletal [mʌskjʊləʊ'skɛlɪtəl]; undigested [ʌndai'ʤgestɪd]; material [mə'tɪ(ə)rɪəl]; Helicobacter pylori [ ˎhelikə 'bæktə pai 'lɔ:rai]; isolation [ais(ə)'leiʃ(ə)n]; ion ['aiən]; adenoids ['ædɪ'noidz]; regulatory ['reɡjəleit(ə)ri]; homeostasis [həʊmiəʊ'steisis]
Exercise 4. Guess the meaning: Amino acids, electrolytes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, to stabilize, ions, aggregation, homeostasis, absorption, pH level, reproductive, nervous, urethra, molecules, to circulate, to transport, fluid, lymph, thymus, adenoids, regulatory, immune, tonsils, arterioles, Helicobacter pylori.
Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations: Cardiovascular system, cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular care unit Digestive system, digestive juice, digestive tract, digestive disorders; digestive apparatus Endocrine system, endocrine glands, endocrine cell, endocrine control, endocrine secretion Lymphatic system, lymphatic nodes, lymphatic ducts, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic channel Muscular system, muscular exercises, muscular tissue, muscular layer, muscular rigidity Nervous system, nervous impulse, nervous tissue, nervous force, nervous breakdown Reproductive system, reproductive organs, reproductive sex hormones, reproductive tract Respiratory system, respiratory airway, respiratory flow rate, respiratory volume Urinary system, urinary calculus, urinary obstruction, urinary nitrogen, urinary discomfort
Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian: System of the body; a group of organs; to perform a certain task; the maintenance of homeostasis; functional collections of tissue; to work in isolation; at equilibrium; the well-being of the person; the integumentary system the interacting body systems; a complex information system; receiving, processing, and communicating information; to transport nutrients; to fight diseases; accessory organs; to be responsible for food ingestion and digestion; the elimination of undigested materials; the lymph fluid; to stabilize body temperature and pH; a variety of waste molecules; sexual reproduction; lymph nodes.
Exercise 7. Read and translate the text: Systems of the Body System of the body is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. The human body consists of many interacting systems. Each system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis (a physiological process by which the internal systems of the body such as blood pressure, body temperature and acid-base balance are maintained at equilibrium) of itself, other systems, and the entire body. A system consists of two or more organs, which are functional collections (aggregation) of tissue. Systems do not work in isolation, and the well-being of the person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems. The major systems of the human body are as follows: the musculoskeletal, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the reproductive and other systems. The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, which includes bones, ligaments, tendons and attached muscles. It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing, and communicating information. The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino-acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilizing body temperature and pH level, and maintaining homeostasis. The human digestive system consists of a long muscular tube and several accessory organs such as the salivary glands, pancreas and gall bladder. It is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials. The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. It brings oxygen from the air to the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra. It removes water from the blood to produce urine, which carries a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body. The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities. The lymphatic system is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that make and move lymph from tissues to the bloodstream. The lymph system is a major part of the body's immune system. It includes the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus. Lymph nodes make immune cells that help the body fight infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells. The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. The sex glands or gonads (the ovaries in females and the testes in the males) produce the germ cells also known as gametes (ovum or sperm) that unite and grow into a new individual. Reproduction begins when the germ cells unite, a process called fertilization.
Exercise 8. Answer the questions: 1. What are the major body systems of the human? 2. What does the musculoskeletal system consist of? 3. What system helps us to receive, process, and communicate information? 4. What is the main function of the circulatory system? 5. What system is responsible for food ingestion and digestion, absorption of digestion products and the elimination of undigested materials? 6. What organs does the urinary system include? 7. What body system brings oxygen from the air to the lungs and excretes carbon dioxide and water back into the air? 8. What physiological process helps to maintain the internal systems of the body at equilibrium? 9. In what case does fertilization occur? 10. What does the well-being of any person depend upon?
Exercise 9. Match English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones and use them in the sentences of your own:
Exercise 10. Find the organs corresponding to the following human body systems:
Exercise 11. Match the terms with their definitions:
Exercise 12. Translate into English: Система організму людини; кістково-м'язова система (опорно-руховий апарат); група органів; виконувати певне завдання; серцево-судинна система; підтримання гомеостазу; травна система; функціональні агрегації тканин; працювати окремо; здоров’я людини; взаємодіючі системи організму; респіраторна система; складна інформаційна система; розлад травлення; приймати, обробляти і передавати інформацію; поживні речовини; бороться з хворобами; додаткові органи; сечовидільна система; нести відповідальність; ковтати їжу; процес травлення; неперетравлена їжа; лімфатична рідина; стабілізація температури тіла; ряд молекул; статеві органи; продукти життєдіяльності (виділення); лімфатичні вузли; покривна система людини. Exercise 13. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language: 1. The term гомеостаз refers to a system that regulates its internal environment and maintains a stable, relatively constant condition. 2. Many взаємодіючих систем and mechanisms act to maintain the human's internal environment. 3. The nervous system receives information from the body and transmits this to головний мозок via neurotransmitters. 4. The endocrine system may release hormones to help regulate кров’яний тиск та об’єм. 5. Cell metabolism may help підтримати the blood's pH. 6. The digestive (or gastrointestinal) system, extending from the mouth to the anus, відповідає за receiving and digesting food and excreting waste. 7. The cardiovascular system, including серце та кровоносні судини is responsible for pumping and circulating the blood. 8. Hormones travel to other organs through кровотік and regulate the function of those organs, for example, the thyroid gland produces thyroid гормон, which controls the metabolic rate and підшлункова залоза produces insulin, which controls the use of sugar. Exercise 14. Match the following systems of the human body with the functions they perform:
Exercise 15.* Open the brackets and insert the prepositions where it is necessary. Translate into native language:
Homeostasis Homeostasis (to be) the term used to describe how the body maintains its normal composition and functions. Because organ systems communicate … each other, the body (to be able) to maintain stable amounts … internal fluids and substances. Also, the organs neither underwork nor overwork, and each organ (to facilitate) the functions … every other organ. Communications to maintain homeostasis (to occur) … means …the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. Special chemicals called transmitters (to carry) … the communications. The autonomic nervous system largely controls the complex communication network that regulates bodily functions. This part … the nervous system functions … a person's thinking about it and without much noticeable indication that it is working. Transmitters called neurotransmitters (to conduct) messages … parts … the nervous system and between the nervous system and other organs. Exercise 16. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle I and Participle II: 1. The patient admitted to the hospital was a 45-year-old female. 2. The fibers of tissues composing the alveoli enable the lungs to dilate. 3. The inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and the lungs. 4. The blood carrying to the lungs is called venous blood. 5. The doctor saw the changed condition of the patient. 6. The number of the vertebrae forming the coccyx may be from one to five. 7. The lecture delivered yesterday interested everybody. 8. The patient examined by the therapeutist yesterday felt badly.
Exercise 17. Read and translate the sentences choosing the proper Participle: 1. System of the body is a group of organs (working/worked) together to perform a certain task. 2. The bottom of the thoracic cavity (forming/formed) by the diaphragm plays a leading role in breathing. 3. The musculoskeletal system (consisting/consisted) of the bones, ligaments, tendons and attached muscle gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. 4. Arteries (dividing/ divided) into smaller vessels are called arterioles. 5. The circulatory system (permitting/ permitted) blood to circulate transports nutrients and helps to fight diseases. 6. The urinary system (removing/ removed) water from the blood produces urine carrying a variety of waste molecules and excess ions and water out of the body. 7. Bile (producing/produced) by the liver enters the duodenum through the common bile ducts. 8. Estrogen (involving/ involved) in the development of female sexual features such as breast growth accumulated the body fat around the hips and thighs.
Exercise 18. Put questions to the underlined parts of the sentences: 1. The earliest operations on the pericardium taken place in the 19th century were performed by Romero and Dalton. 2. The immune system will respond to Helicobacter by sending white cells, killer T cells and other infection-fighting agents to restore it. 3. The gas moving through the larynx, pharynx and mouth allows humans to speak, or phonate. 4. In 1956, Forssmann and Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries. 5. Some neurologists have just examined the patient with the severe disturbed brain circulation. 6. Disorders of the respiratory system are usually treated internally by a pulmonologist and respiratory therapist. 7. In 1242, the Arabian physician became the first person accurately described the process of pulmonary circulation. 8. All additional investigations in order to maintain acid-base balance will have been completed by our immunologists by next week.
Exercise 19.Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term ”Cистеми організму людини”: “ Systems of the body” 1. System of the body is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. 2. The major systems of the human body are as follows: the musculoskeletal, the nervous, the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the reproductive and other systems. 3. As the systems do not work in isolation the well-being of each person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems. 4. Each system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis of itself, other systems, and the entire body. 5. Homeostasis is a physiological process by which the internal systems of the body such as blood pressure, body temperature and acid-base balance are maintained at equilibrium. Exercise 20. Translate into English using Vocabulary: 1. Орган - це анатомічно відокремлена частина організму, яка має певні форму, будову, розташування та функцію. 2. Органами є кістки, м’язи, залози, шлунок, легені, нирки і т. д., які формуються декількома видами тканин. 3. Всі органи забезпечені нервами, кровоносними і лімфатичними судинами. 4. Система органів руху, або апарат руху, об’єднує всі кістки, їх сполуки і скелетні м’язи. 5. Травна система об’єднує органи для прийому їжі, її механічної та хімічної переробки, всмоктування поживних речовин і виведення залишків неперетравлених часточок їжі. 6. Дихальна система – це система органів, за допомогою яких відбувається газообмін між організмом і зовнішнім середовищем. 7. Сечовидільна система – це система органів виділення кінцевих продуктів обміну і виведення їх з організму. 8. Саме ці три системи органів – це травна, дихальна та сечовидільна – забезпечують обмін речовин між організмом і зовнішнім середовищем. 9. Розмноження (репродукція) людини відбувається в результаті внутрішнього запліднення, що відбувається під час статевого акту (sexual intercourse). 10. Серцево-судинна система включає серце, кровоносні судини (артерії, капіляри, вени) і лімфатичні судини. Основна функція цієї системи – це обмін речовин всередині організму між усіма його органами та тканинами.
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