Instruction: Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

Stomach        rectum                waste                system                  acid

Chewed                 liver                       saliva                swallow             absorbed

Food                  mouth              large intestine        tongue               liquids

Energy            small intestine   digestion           pharynx       esophagus

 

All animals need to eat ______________ to get ____________ to live. But in order to use this food, they have to break it down in a process called __________________. And so, all animals have a group of connected organs called the digestive __________________.

In humans, the process of digestion begins in the _____________ where food is ________________ into small pieces by the teeth. The _______________ helps by moving these pieces around. These pieces are covered by ________________, or spit. The saliva makes the food slippery so that it is easier to _______________. It also helps to break down the food.

Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the _______________, which is like a gate that sends food into the ______________ and air into the lungs. The food travels down the esophagus and into the ______________. Once in the stomach the food is mixed with _____________ and crushed some more.

After spending some time in the stomach, the food is sent into the ________________________ where nutrients are ______________. The _____________ helps by producing some digestive juices called bile. Next, the remaining food goes into the _________________________ where the _______________ are absorbed. The remaining food is called _________________ and it is pushed into the ________________ where it waits before leaving the body.

 

 

Тема2.5.TheUrinarySystem/ Мочевыделительнаясистема

Level A

We learn the new words / Мыучимновыеслова

purplish-brown - пурпурно-коричневый

hormone - гормон

aids - вспомогательное вещество

nephrons - нефроны

glomerulus - клубочки

renaltubule - почечная трубочка

bladder - мочевой пузырь

backsup - задерживать

emptied - опорожнился

ureters - мочеточники

triangle-shaped - треугольный

hollow - полый

abdomen - живот

ligaments - связки

pelvic bones - тазовыекости

expand - расширяться

contract - сжиматься

flatten - выравниваться

sphinctermuscles - мышцы сфинктера

circularmuscles - круговые мышцы

leaking - утечка

tightly - плотно

alert - предупреждать

urinate - мочиться

squeezesout - вытестять

                                                                                             

Weread / Мы читаем

Kidney and urinary system parts and their functions:

· Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.

· Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.

· Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.

· Two sphincter muscles. These circular muscles help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder.

· Nerves in the bladder. The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty the bladder.

· Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs.

Answer the questions / Ответьтенавопросы

1. What is the urinary system consists of?

2. Where do the adrenal glands lie?

3. What is function of the kidneys?

4. What are kidneys regulate?

5. What are ureters?

6. What is bladder?

7. What help keep urine from leaking?

8. What is urethra?

9.  When does normal urination occur?