Тема 6.5. Infectious diseases/Инфекционныеболезни

Level A

 

We learn the new words / Мыучимновыеслова

infection - инфекция

infectious - инфекционный

invasion - инвазия, вторжение

intestinal - кишечный

respiratory - респираторный

insect - насекомое

prodromal - предшествующий

decline - упадок, стихание

bed-clothes – постельное белье

spread – распространение

omit - упускать

lookafter – ухаживать за

Weread / Мычитаем

Infectious Diseases

Infection means invasion of the body by microorganisms which are harmful. Every infectious disease has its own specific way of invasion into a human body. Infection may pass from one person to another through blood, stools, saliva, instruments; it may enter the body through skin cuts, it may be swallowed.

There are intestinal infections, which are spread through intestines and stools; infections of the respiratory tract, which are spread during coughing or talking; skin infections and infections spread by living insects.

All-the infectious diseases are divided in several stages. They are: 1) the period of incubation, 2) the prodromal stage during which the initial symptoms may appear, 3) the stage of a fully developed disease, 4) the stage of decline

To establish a proper disease it is necessary to do some laboratory tests at the right time and in the right place.

Characteristic symptoms of the diseases may be local and systemic. Symptoms very according a disease, but a sore throat, sneezing, nausea and vomiting, restlessness and prostration, pain the limbs and back, rash may occur among the most characteristic local symptoms.

A lot of disease may begin with these symptoms.

It is necessary for a medical staff to be careful during physical examination of the infected patients. There are two important steps which mustn't omitted: to take the temperature and examine the throat. A nurse who looks after the infected person must wear a special gown and a mask. She must wash her hands with soap as often as she can, she must be very careful to prevent the spread of the infection.

FindEnglishequivalents / Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Микроорганизмами; может переходить; через порезы в коже; можно проглотить; во время кашля или разговора; распространяемые живыми насекомыми; делятся; чтобы осмотреть горло; ухаживать за инфицированным больным; предотвратить распространение инфекции.

Find Russian equivalents / Найдитерусскиеэквиваленты.

Invasion of the body; specific way of invasion; it may be swallowed; through intestines and stools; skin infections; are divided; fully developed disease; characteristic symptoms; rash may occur; medical staff; must be very careful.

Answer the questions / Ответьтенавопросы.                    

1. What does infection mean?

2. In what ways may infection pass?

3. What kinds of infections are there?

4. How many stages are infectious diseases divided in?

5. What is necessary for a medical staff during examination of the infected patients?

7. What are the main tasks for nurses?

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks/ Заполнитепропуски, используясловаврамке:

looks after children an infected patient infectious

infectious diseases some rules bed-clothes healthy

spread nurse mask hands

 

As you know I am a ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­________at the therapeutic hospital. My ________had many _________in the childhood. I know that infectious diseases can pass from an ________person to an ________person by different ways. When a nurse _______a patient who has an infectious disease, she has two important tasks: to care of the patient and to prevent the _______of infection. Here are _______how to prevent the spread of infection and I think a nurse must remember them: The nurse must wear a ______and a special gown when she goes to look after________. The nurse must wash her _______carefully with soap and running water each time she goes from an infectious patient. Disinfect _______after use.

Level B

Vocabulary

invasion - вторжение

infection - инфекция

resistance - сопротивление

immunity - иммунитет

artificial - искусственный, приобретенный

entirelylacking - полное отсутствие

relative - относительный

absolute - абсолютный

previous - предыдущий

permanent - постоянный

subsequent - последующий

virulentpoison – сильнодействующий, смертельный яд

particulardisease - конкретное заболевание

chemicalantidote - химическое противоядие

antitoxin – антитоксин

antidote - антидот, противоядие

sufficient - достаточный

insufficient - недостаточный

vital - важный

recovery - выздоровление

bacterialcultures - бактериальные культуры

injected - введенный

leukocytosis - лейкоцитоз

phagocytes - фагоциты

vaccines - вакцины

subcutaneously - подкожно

employ - использовать, применять

contribute - способствовать

reveal - выявить

plague - чума

chоlera - холера

malaria - малярия

stampout - уничтожить

scarletfever - скарлатина

rash - сыпь

gown - халат

bedclothes - постельное белье

 

Reading

    Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one. But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute.

    A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent

protection against its subsequent infection. In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection, the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured, recovery occurs. If the human body did not have this capacity, we would suffer from all infectious diseases. If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men, an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.

    The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leukocytosis and bacteria in the tissue are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them. If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.