Дієприкметник (the Participle)

Дієприкметники поділяються на:

a) present participles (playing, running),

b) past participles (played, written),

c) perfect participles (having written).

· Present та past participles можуть вживатися як прикметники.

The present participle (-ing) описує, яким хтось або щось є. Напр.. It’s a very tiring job. Він відповідає на запитання який? The past participle (-ed) описує, як хтось почувається. Напр.. He’s very tired.

 

Дієприкметники також можуть:

· називати час. Напр.. Нaving done her homework, she watched TV. (After she had done her homework, she watched TV.)

· називати причину. Напр.. Being late, he took a taxi. (Because he was late, he took a taxi.) Having spent all her money, she asked for a loan. (Because she had spent all her money, she asked for a loan.)

· вживатися замість відносного займенника і повної форми дієслова. Напр.. The man standing at the door is my boss. (The man who is standing at the door is my boss.) The information presented in the article was very interesting for engineering students. (The information which was presented in the article was very interesting for engineering students.)

· вживатися замість past simple у розповідях, коли ми описуємо події, що відбулися відразу одна після одної. Напр.. Turning agains the wind the rotor started the turbine. (The rotor turned agains the wind and started the turbine.)

· вживатися для того, щоб уникати повтору past continuous в одному і тому ж реченні. Напр.. They were improving the properties of the plastic using additives. (They were improving the properties of the plastic and they were using additives.)

 

 

Умовний спосіб дієслова (the Conditionals)

· Є три типи умовних речень. Кожний тип складається з двох частин: умовного речення (припущення), яке починається словом if, та головного речення, яке показує результат припущення.

 

умовне речення	головне речення
(припущення)	(результат)
If you put water in the freezer,	it becomes ice.

 

· Умовні речення типу 1 виражають реальні або дуже ймовірні ситуації у теперішньому чи майбутньому. Вони утворюються так:

 

Умовне речення	Головне речення
If + present simple	future simple present simple imperative can/ may/must/, etc. + infinitive

Напр..

If Robert studies hard, he will pass his exams.

If you heat ice, it melts.

If you feel unwell, call the doctor.

If you need any help, please call me.

If the tests go well, the project might start ahead of schedule.

· Умовні речення типу 2 виражають уявні або дуже малоймовірні ситуації, які навряд чи відбудуться у теперішньому чи майбутньому. Вони утворюються так:

Умовне речення	Головне речення
If + past simple	could/would/might + infinitive

Напр..

If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house. (I don’t have much money, so it is unlikely that I will buy a big house.)

If I had the time, I would take up a sport. (I don’t have the time, so it is unlikely that I will take up a sport.)

· Ми можемо вживати were замість was для всіх осіб: If Peter was/were here, he would tell us what to do.

· Ми використовуємо If I were you, щоб дати пораду: If I were you, I’d talk to him about my problem.

 

· Умовні речення типу 3 виражають уявні ситуації в минулому, тобто вони вказують на ситуації, які не трапились. Вони утворюються так:

 

Умовне речення	Головне речення
If + past perfect	could/would/might + have + past participle

Напр..

If she had called earlier, I would have told her about the meeting. (She didn’t call earlier, so I didn’t tell her about the meeting.)

If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test. (She didn’t study, so she didn’t pass the test.)

 

· Ми використовуємо дієслово wish, щоб висловити бажання.

· Wish + past simple: коли ми хочемо сказати, що хотіли б, щоб щось було інакше зараз. Напр.... I wish I knew English well. (But I don’t know it well.) I wish I didn’t have a temperature. (But I have a temperature.)

· Wish + past perfect: щоб висловити жаль з приводу того, що щось відбулось, абоне відбулось у минулому. Напр..I wish I had got your message earlier. (But I didn’t get it earlier.) I wish I had talked to him. (But I didn’t talk to him.). I wish I had listened to the teacher’s advice. (But I didn’t listen to it.) I wish I hadn’t lost my wallet. (But I lost it.)

· Wish + would: a) для чемного наказу. Напр.. I wish you would stop talking. (Please, stop talking.) б) щоб висловити наше бажання щодо зміни ситуації, або чиєїсь поведінки, оскільки вона нас дратує. Напр.. I wish the wind would stop blowing. I wish John would stop insulting people.

· Примітка: ми можемо використовувати were замість was після wish. Напр.. I wish she were/was more polite.

 

Найбільш вживані скорочення дієслівних форм

I will draw	I’lldraw
He would draw	He’d draw
I amdrawing	I’m drawing
He is drawing	He’sdrawing
We aredrawing	We’re drawing
I have drawn	I’ve drawn
She has drawn	She’sdrawn
She had drawn	She’d drawn
I do not draw	I don’tdraw
He does not draw	He doesn’t draw
I did not draw	I didn’t draw
They will not draw	They won’t draw
He would not draw	He wouldn’t draw
I am not drawing	--------------------
He is not drawing	He isn’tdrawing
We are not drawing	We aren’tdrawing
I was not drawing	I wasn’t drawing
We were not drawing	We weren’t drawing
I have not drawn	I haven’t drawn
He has not drawn	He hasn’tdrawn
I had not drawn	I hadn’t drawn
I cannot draw	I can’tdraw
I must not draw	I mustn’tdraw
I could not draw	I couldn’tdraw

Appendix 2

IRREGULAR VERBS

№	Неозначена форма І Infinitive	II форма Past Simple	ІІІ форма Past Participle	Переклад
1.	be [bJ]	was (were)[wPz][wE:]	been [bJn]	бути
2.	bear [bFq]	bore [bL]	born [bLn]	народжувати
3.	bear [bFq]	bore [bL]	borne [bLn]	носити
4.	beat [bJt]	beat [bJt]	beaten [bJtn]	бити
5.	become [bI'kAm]	became [bI'keIm]	become [bI'kAm]	ставати
6.	begin [bI'gIn]	began [bI'gxn]	begun [bI'gAn]	починати
7.	bend [bend]	bent [bent]	bent [bent]	згинатися
8.	bet [bet]	bet [bet]	bet [bet]	битися об заклад
9.	bite [baIt]	bit [bIt]	bitten [bItn]	кусати
10.	blow [blEV]	blew [blH]	blown [blEVn]	дути
11.	break [breIk]	broke [brEVk]	broken [brEVkn]	ламати
12.	bring [brIN]	brought [brLt]	brought [brLt]	приносити
13.	build [bIld]	built [bIlt]	built [bIlt]	будувати
14.	burn [bE:n]	burnt [bE:nt]	burnt [bE:nt]	горіти, палити
15.	burst [bE:st]	burst [bE:st]	burst [bE:st]	вибухнути
16.	buy [baI]	bought [bLt]	bought [bLt]	купувати
17.	can [kxn]	could [kHd]	been able to	могти
18.	catch [kxC]	caught [kLt]	caught [kLt]	ловити
19.	choose [CHz]	chose [CEVz]	chosen [CEVzn]	вибирати
20.	come [kAm]	came [keIm]	come [kAm]	приходити
21.	cost [kPst]	cost [kPst]	cost [kPst]	коштувати
22.	cut [kAt]	cut [kAt]	cut [kAt]	різати
23.	deal [dJl]	dealt [delt]	dealt [delt]	мати справу (з кимось / чимось)
24.	dig [dIg]	dug [dAg]	dug [dAg]	копати
25.	do [dH]	did [dId]	done [dAn]	робити
26.	dream [drJm]	dreamt [dremt] dreamed [drJmd]	dreamt [dremt] dreamed [drJmd]	мріяти
27.	draw [drL]	drew [drH]	drawn [drLn]	тягнутити, малювати
28.	drink [drINk]	drank [drxNk]	drunk [drANk]	пити
29.	drive [draIv]	drove [drEVv]	driven ['drIvn]	вести (машину)
30.	eat [Jt]	ate [et]	eaten ['Jtn]	їсти
31.	fall [fLl]	fell [fel]	fallen [fLln]	падати
32.	feed [fJd]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]	годувати
33.	feel [fJl]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]	відчувати
34.	fight [faIt]	fought [fLt]	fought [fLt]	боротися
35.	find [faInd]	found [faVnd]	found [faVnd]	знаходити
36.	forget [fq'get]	forgot [fq'gPt]	forgotten [fq'gPtn]	забувати
37.	forgive [fq'gIv]	forgave [fq'geIv]	forgiven [fq'gIvn]	пробачати
38.	freeze [frJz]	froze [frEVz]	frozen [frEVzn]	заморожувати
39.	get [get]	got [gPt]	got [gPt]	діставати
40.	give [gIv]	gave [geIv]	given [gIvn]	давати
41.	go [gEV]	went [went]	gone [gPn]	їхати, іти
42.	grow [grEV]	grew [grH]	grown [grEVn]	рости, ставати
43.	hang [hxN]	hung [hAN]	hung [hAN]	висіти, вішати
44.	have [hxv]	had [hxd]	had [hxd]	мати
45.	hear [hIq]	heard [hE:d]	heard [hE:d]	чути
46.	hide [haId]	hid [hId]	hidden [hIdn]	ховати
47.	hit [hIt]	hit [hIt]	hit [hIt]	вдарити
48.	hold [hEVld]	held [held]	held [held]	тримати
49.	hurt [hE:t]	hurt [hE:t]	hurt [hE:t]	спричиняти біль
50.	keep [kJp]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]	тримати, зберігати
51.	know [nEV]	knew [njH]	known [nEVn]	знати
52.	lay [leI]	laid [leId]	laid [leId]	класти
53.	lead [lJd]	led [led]	led [led]	вести
54.	lean [lJn]	leant [lent] leaned [lJnd]	leant [lent] leaned [lJnd]	притулятися
55.	learn [lE:n]	learnt [lE:nt] learned [lE:nd]	learnt [lE:nt] learned [lE:nd]	вивчати
56.	leave [lJv]	left [left]	left [left]	залишати, покидати
57.	lend [lend]	lent [lent]	lent [lent]	позичати (комусь)
58.	let [let]	let [let]	let [let]	дозволяти
59.	lie [laI]	lay [leI]	lain [leIn]	лежати
60.	light [laIt]	lit [lIt]	lit [lIt]	освітлювати
61.	lose [lHz]	lost [lPst]	lost [lPst]	губити
62.	make [meIk]	made [meId]	made [meId]	робити, виготовляти
63.	mean [mJn]	meant [ment]	meant [ment]	означати
64.	meet [mJt]	met [met]	met [met]	зустрічати
65.	pay [peI]	paid [peId]	paid [peId]	платити
66.	put [pVt]	put [pVt]	put [pVt]	класти
67.	read [rJd]	read [red]	read [red]	читати
68.	ride [raId]	rode [rEVd]	ridden [rIdn]	їхати верхи
69.	ring [rIN]	rang [rxN]	rung [rAN]	дзвонити
70.	rise [raIz]	rose [rEVz]	risen [rIzn]	підніматися
71.	run [rAn]	ran [rxn]	run [rAn]	бігти
72.	say [seI]	said [sxd]	said [sxd]	сказати
73.	see [si:]	saw [sO:]	seen [si:n]	бачити
74.	seek [si:k]	sought [sO:t]	sought [sO:t]	шукати
75.	sell [sel]	sold [sEVld]	sold [sEVld]	продавати
76.	send [send]	sent [sent]	sent [sent]	посилати
77.	set [set]	set [set]	set [set]	встановлювати
78.	sew [sEV]	sewed [sEVd]	sewn [sEVn] sewed [sEVd]	шити
79.	shake [SeIk]	shook [SVk]	shaken [SeIkn]	трясти
80.	shave [SeIv]	shaved [SeIvd]	shaven [SeIvn]	голитися
81.	shine [SaIn]	shone [SPn]	shone [SPn]	сяяти, блищати
82.	shoot [Su:t]	shot [SPt]	shot [SPt]	стріляти
83.	show [SEV]	showed [SEVd]	showed [SEVd] shown [SEVn]	показувати
84.	shut [SAt]	shut [SAt]	shut [SAt]	закривати
85.	sing [sIN]	sang [sxN]	sung [sAN]	співати
86.	shrink [SrINk]	shrank [SrxNk]	shrunk [SrANk]	скорочувати(ся)
87.	sit [sIt]	sat [sxt]	sat [sxt]	сидіти
88.	sleep [sli:p]	slept [slept]	slept [slept]	спати
89.	smell [smel]	smelt [smelt] smelled [smeld]	smelt [smelt] smelled [smeld]	пахнути
90.	sow [sEV]	sowed [sEVd]	sown [sEVn]	сіяти
91.	speak [spi:k]	spoke [spEVk]	spoken [spEVkn]	говорити
92.	spell [spel]	spelt [spelt]	spelt [spelt]	вимовляти (по буквах)
93.	spend [spend]	spent [spent]	spent [spent]	тратити, проводити час
94.	spread [spred]	spread [spred]	spread [spred]	розповсюджувати
95.	spring [sprIN]	sprang [sprxN]	sprung [sprAN]	стрибати
96.	stand [stxnd]	stood [stu:d]	stood [stu:d]	стояти
97.	steal [sti:l]	stole [stEVl]	stolen [stEVln]	красти
98.	stick [stIk]	stuck [stAk]	stuck [stAk]	приклеювати
99.	strike [straIk]	struck [strAk]	struck [strAk]	вдарити
100.	string [strIN]	strung [strAN]	strunk [strAN]	натягувати
101.	swear [swFq]	swore [swO:]	sworn [swO:n]	клястися
102.	sweep [swi:p]	swept [swept]	swept [swept]	замітати
103.	swim [swIm]	swam [swxm]	swum [swAm]	плавати
104.	take [teIk]	took [tuk]	taken [teIkn]	брати
105.	teach [ti:C]	taught [tO:t]	taught [tO:t]	вчити (когось)
106.	tell [tel]	told [tEVld]	told [tEVld]	сказати, розказати
107.	think [TINk]	thought [TO:t]	thought [TO:t]	думати
108.	throw [TrEV]	threw [Tru:]	thrown [TrEVn]	кидати
109.	understand [Andq'stxnd]	understood [Andq'stVd]	understood [Andq'stVd]	розуміти
110.	wake [weIk]	woke [wEVk]	woken [wEVkn]	прокидатися
111.	wear [wEq]	wore [wO:]	worn [wO:n]	носити (одяг)
112.	weep [wi:p]	wept [wept]	wept [wept]	плакати
113.	win [wIn]	won [wAn]	won [wAn]	перемагати
114.	write [raIt]	wrote [rEVt]	written [rItn]	писати

 

Appendix 3

AUDIOSCRIPTS

Unit 1 THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE "KYIV POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE"

It’s my job

When I left school, I started work for a plastics company, one of the biggest in the country. We make everything from small components for medical equipment to large water pipes – the blue ones which are replacing metal pipes everywhere.

My apprenticeship lasts for three years. I’m in my final year now. It’s a mix of work, which I get paid for, of course, on-the-job training, and study at the local college.

I’ve learned a lot of practical skills from the on-the-job training. It’s supervised by skilled workers. There’s quite a lot of paperwork as I have to complete forms to show I’ve reached the right standard.

I had day release to attend college one day a week in the first two years of my apprenticeship and I’ve got two days a week in my last year. I’ve learned things like working in teams, problem-solving, communication skills, and using new technologies at work, as well as engineering subjects. This year I’m completing an HNC, a Higher National Certificate, in Engineering I like learning while working, but it’s quite hard work. There’s a lot of studying to do – at home in the evenings and at weekends too. I’m doing about ten hours a week right now. It’s quite hard when your friends are out having a good time.

Once I’m fully qualified and have a bit more experience. I hope to get promoted to team leader. That means I’ll be in charge or a team of six – more responsibility and better pay.