Pre-listening: match the words on the left to the words on the right.

1. conduct	a. aware
2. share	b. products
3. household	c. consuming
4. recycling	d. survey
5. environmentally	e. center
6. time	f. waste
7. recycled	g. views

10. Listen to three people taking part in a survey about recycling. Mark statements as Yes (Ö) or No (c).

We recycle most of our household waste
Recycling is too expensive and time consuming

 

Listen again and answer the following questions.

1. How many people are interviewed?

2. Is a woman concerned with recycling?

3. Does a man recycle only paper?

4. Does a girl recycle just everything at home?

5. Do you agree that a lot of recycled products are good for the environmental protection?

6. Do you think that recycling saves a lot of energy?

7. Do you recycle products at home?

SPEAKING

12.Work in groups. Imagine that you are going to have a videoconference devoted to the problems of the environmental protection with scientists from another country. Make up a list of questions to ask them. Decide what to show and tell them about the environmental protection in our country.

13.You are going to talk about different ways of environmental protection at the symposium "What can we do to save our planet for future generations?" Use information from the text to prepare for the report.

WRITING

Imagine that you are an active member of the “Green Peace organization”. Make a list of DOS and DON’TS for people to protect the environment and to save disappearing species of animals and plants. Write 60 – 80 words. Use these phrases.

- On the one hand …

- On the other hand …

- In any case …

- Actually …

- By the way …

- Anyway …

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practise The Past Perfect Tense (See Appendix 1 p. 224) and do the following exercises.

15. Fill in the table with the forms of the following verbs:

to roll, to remove, to break, to heat, to twist, to bend, to pollute, to develop, to buy, to solve, to throw, to bring, to leave, to conduct, to build, to clean

Example: to draw

 

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	draw	are drawing	have drawn	have been drawing
Past	drew	were drawing	had drawn	had been drawing
Future	will draw	will be drawing	will have drawn	will have been drawing

16. Underline the correct tense form in each of the following sentences.

1. People have always polluted / had always polluted their surroundings.

2. Before we came, they had discussed / were discussing the problems that threaten human life on Earth.

3. With the development of industrial cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into small areas, the problem has become / had become urgent.

4. Our forests are disappearing / had disappeared because they are cut down or burnt.

5. She was relieved to hear that he had saved / saved those animals.

6. If nothing is done / had done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.

7. He said that he has developed / had developed new methods.

17. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Simple.

1. We ….. (to have) a lot of trouble because we ….. (to lose) our passports.

2. She really….. (to like) him because he ….. (to help) her.

3. We ….. (to get) into the restaurant only because we ….. (to reserve) our places.

4. Chris ….. (to own) that car for 5 years before he ….. (to sell) it.

5. I ….. (to be) in Greece for 7 months before I ….. (to move) to Spain.

6. They ….. (to study) English before they ….. (to move) to Canada.

7. They ….. (to ride) their bikes before they ….. (to meet) their friends.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A: What 1) ….. (you / to do) when I 2) ….. (to call) at eight, Burt?

B: I 3) ….. (to work) in the garden because the wind 4) ….. (to blow down) the fence during the night.

A: Oh, 5) ….. (you / to manage) to fix it?

B: Yes, I ….. (to do) it eventually, but it 7) ….. (to be) very hard work. I 8) ….. (to ask) my neighbor to help in the end. Why 9) ….. (you / to call) me?

A: I 10) ….. (to want) to tell you about the factory. It 11) ….. (to close down) yesterday.

B: I know. The company 12) ….. (to have) problems for a long time before they finally 13) ….. (to decide) to close down the factory.

A: I 14) ….. (to hope) they would change their minds about it, though. It 15) ….. (to be) a part of the town for years.

B: Well, at least everyone who worked there 16) ….. (now / to find) a new job. That’s good news.

UNIT 7

FACTS ABOUT FORCES

LEAD-IN

 

What is force? Give examples of forces acting on people and objects around us.

 

What kinds of forces do you know? How are they related to motion?

READING

3. Read the text and give the definitions of:

- force;

- motion;

- Newton’s three laws of motion;

- net force

Facts about Forces

Force is a word that has lots of different meanings and different uses. For instance, there is electrical force, the force of gravity, and the force of magnetism. Nuclear force holds atoms together. Another kind of force is mechanical force. The word force means a push or a pull, or to be a little bit more scientific, it means anything that causes the shape or motion of an object to change. The amount of force is measured in units called newtons, named after the scientist Sir Isaac Newton (definition of a Newton: the force required to accelerate a one kilogram object by one meter per second squared).

Force and Motion. Force and motion describe everyday things that are happening all the time. Hundreds of times every day, you use force and motion. Did you just pick up a pencil? – Force and motion. Did you turn a page? – Force and motion. Force and motion are also parts of a complicated branch of science, called physics. Motion means moving something from one place to another. In fact, the word motion is a form of the word move.

Newton's Three Laws of Motion. Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his three laws of motion as well as for other scientific breakthroughs. Here are Sir Isaac Newton's three laws of motion.

Law 1 - An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside force. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest. The word for this is inertia.

Law 2 - Force will cause a change in the motion of an object. The change in motion depends on the amount of force and the mass of the object. There is a formula for this F=ma (force equals mass times acceleration).

Law 3 - For each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Force is a vector, which means that it has both direction and magnitude. When several forces act on an object, the forces can be combined to give a net force.

If multiple forces combine to give a net force that is zero, then the object will not accelerate; the object will either remain motionless or continue moving at a constant velocity. For example, if a person pushes a shopping cart with a force equal in magnitude to the force of friction that opposes the cart's motion, the forces will cancel, giving a net force of zero. As a result, the cart will move down the aisle with a constant velocity. If the person suddenly stops pushing the cart, the only force acting on the cart is the frictional force. The velocity of the cart drops to zero.

 

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Group the following words into three columns: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Some of them fit into more than one column.

Force, different, meaning, use, electrical, gravity, magnetism, nuclear, atom, mechanical, push, pull, scientific, mean, shape, motion, object, change, scientist, describe, day, pencil, page, place, law, straight, line, continue, stay, rest, inertia, action, equal, opposite, reaction, direction, magnitude, combine, give, remain, constant, velocity, person, friction, oppose, cancel, result, cart, breakthrough, acceleration, mass, definition, part, frictional, drop.

NOUNS	ADJECTIVES	VERBS

 

5. Match each word from the text with its synonym:

1. force a) form

2. motion b) weight

3. shape c) application

4. definition d) discovery

5. use e) power

6. breakthrough f) determination

7. mass g) movement