Study the following information.

ID is different in every country

It is important to keep in mind that every country requires different documentation that proves someone's identification (ID). In many countries such as Greece and Spain a national ID card is compulsory. Citizens are expected to have these cards on them at all times. However, in other countries ID cards are not required. Police and officials in these countries often use another system to identify people, such as asking for two pieces of ID.

Find Ukrainian equivalents for these types of ID:

Passport

Government-issued Photo ID card

Driving license/Driver's license

Birth certificate

Permanent residence card

Social security card

Medical/Health card

Voter registration card

Below you will find information/security items that may appear on documentation. Match the items on the left with their fits on the right.

Maiden name	a series of thick and thin black lines that holds computerized information
Photograph	date when the ID holder was born: day/month/year: 23/05/1970 (23rd May 1970) month/day/year: 05/23/1970 (23rd May 1970) year/month/day: 1970/05/23 (23rd May 1970)
Valid until/expiry date	date when documentation was created
Height	blue, brown, green, black, grey
Signature	markings of a person's thumb or finger tip
Marital status	how tall a person is in centimetres or feet and inches
Magnetic stripe	a laser photograph which makes a picture or image look life-like
Serial number or PIN (Personal Identification Number)	a long black stripe found on the back of a card that can be swiped into a computer for information
Hologram	a woman's surname before marriage
Eye colour	single, married, divorced (no longer married), separated, common law wife, common law husband
Date of Issue	citizenship (native citizen, immigrant, landed immigrant, permanent resident, refugee)
Fingerprint	recent picture of ID holder
National status	city, country where ID holder was born
Place of birth	current job (doctor, teacher, retired)
Sex	number that can be entered into government systems to find information about a person
Profession	M (male), F (female)
bar code	hand-written name of ID holder
Date of birth (DOB)	the last date when an ID document can be used

 

 

Unit 2 Evolution of Law: Historical Aspect Section 1 Roman Law

 

WARMING –UP

1. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentences below:

1.The traditional date for the founding of Rome is_____

a) 650 BC
b) 700 BC

c) 753 BC
d) 356 BC.

2. Romulus and Remus __________.
a) were two consuls who saved Rome from the Carthaginians
b) were two Roman generals who conquered Gaul
c) were twin brothers who were said to have formed the city of Rome
3. The forum was __________.
a) the marketplace and business center
b) Rome's field and track playground
c) an amphitheater
d) an enormous stadium built to hold the chariot races

4. The _____influenced the laws of almost every European country.
a) Hippodrome

b) Justinian Code

c) Hagia Sophia

d) Tribonian

5. The language of the Romans, __________, was the basis of many modern European languages.

a) Roman

b) Spanish

c) Latin

d) Italian

6. The social status in Ancient Rome was divided into______

a) slaves, freedmen and free-born citizens

b) plebeians and patricians

c) senators and gladiators

d) upper class, medium class, lower class

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is the contribution of Roman civilization into the world culture?

2. Why do law students all over the world study Roman law today?

3. Match the following English words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

to retain прості люди

common people викладати

to compel зберігати

to set forth примушувати

edict розширення

extension починати

to inaugurate указ

4. Mind the pronunciation of the following:

Justinian [ ]

the Mediterranean [ ]

Bologna [ ]

European [ ]

TEXT 1

Read the text “Roman law”.

Notes on the text:

the law of the twelve tables закон дванадцяти таблиць

praetor претор(вищий після консулів римський магістрат, якій керував судочинством)

patrician патрицій

jus civile цивільне право

jus gentium право народів (міжнародне право)

 

ROMAN LAW

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. The development of Roman law covers more than one thousand years from the law of the twelve tables (from 449 BC) to the Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian I (around 530).

Roman law in a broader sense refers not only to the legal system of ancient Rome, but also to the law that was applied throughout most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. The influence of Roman law is shown by the wealth of legal terminology, retained by all legal systems.

It is impossible to know exactly when the Roman legal system began. The first legal text, the content of which is known to us in some detail, is the law of the twelve tables, which date from the middle of the 5th century BC. The common people proposed that the law should be written down in order to prevent magistrates from applying the law in an arbitrary fashion. After years of struggle the plebeians convinced the patricians to send a delegation to Athens to copy out the Laws of Solon. Ten Roman citizens were chosen to record the laws. For the period in which the delegates performed this task, they were given supreme political power, while the power of the magistrates was restricted. The Law of the Twelve Tables thus drafted was accepted by the popular assembly. This code set forth simple rules suitable for an agricultural community; it established equal law for patricians and plebs and was prized by the Romans as the source of all public and private law. The legal system established under this code, and the body of rules that developed around it, applied exclusively to Roman citizens and was known as the jus civile.

Conquest over the Mediterranean basin compelled the Romans to work out a new system of law. Each conquered territory had its own system, and a body of law was required that would be applicable to both citizens and subject s. Between about 367 bc and ad137 the new law was developed from the edicts of the praetor, or magistrate, who defined and interpreted the law in individual cases. This new legal system was known as the jus gentium. The extension of citizenship during the years from 100 bc to ad 212 to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire made the distinction between the jus gentium and the jus civile obsolete, and the jus civile of Rome became the law of the empire.

In the 3rd century ad the decrees or laws issued by the emperors gained increasing importance in the Roman legal system. Around 530 ad emperor Justinian I appointed a committee of ten jurists to make an official digest of the older law. The law books published by Justinian are collectively known as the Corpus Juris Civilis.

Early in the 12th century a thorough study of these texts was inaugurated at Bologna and spread throughout Europe. With the revival of European commerce and the inadequacy of medieval law to meet the requirements of the changing economic and social conditions, Roman law became incorporated in the legal systems of the many continental European countries.

However, Rome’s most important contribution to European legal culture was not the enactment of well-drafted statutes, but the emergence of a class of professional jurists and of a legal science. This was achieved in a gradual process of applying the scientific methods of Greek philosophy to the subject of law, a subject which the Greeks themselves never treated as a science.

II. COMPREHENSION

1. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1. What does the term Roman law refer to?

2. What law in Rome was the first to set equal rights for plebs and patricians?

3. What legislation was used to draft the law of the twelve tables?

4. Why did the distinction between the jus gentium and the jus civile become obsolete?

5. What is Justinian I famous for?

6. When and where did Europeans begin a thorough study of Roman law?

7. What is Rome’s most important contribution to European legal culture?

2. Find in the text words and expressions which mean:

1. someone who legally belongs to a particular country and has rights and responsibilities there, whether they are living there or not;

2. not longer useful because something newer and better has been invented;

3. decided or arranged without any reason, often unfairly;

4. to include something as part of a group, system, plan etc;

5. to become known about or used by more and more people:;

6. the ability or right to control people or events;

7. an ordinary person who had no special rank in ancient Rome;

8. to persuade someone to do something;

9. someone who has a very detailed knowledge of law;

10. to write a plan, letter, report etc that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form.