Environment Protection Must Be Global

That the problem of pollution and ecology has become the most important one for mankind is evident to all. The more civilization is developing, the greater the ecological problems are becoming. Air and water pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions. In our era it is changing from a national to an interna­tional problem, especially in territories where rivers cross several countries. The seas and oceans are also becoming seriously polluted. A similar situation is developing in the atmosphere. It is known that many cities throughout the world suffer from air pollution.

However, our scientific knowledge and technological advance­ment make it possible to eliminate it if people use good will¹ and make considerable investments for that purpose. The develop­ment of natural resources on a global scale is already possible from a scientific and technical standpoint². Large-scale experimental work in this area is successfully being carried out.

At present scientists in industrially developed countries are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate and weather of the world. Increasing growth of population, industrialization and the use of resources are slowly but surely changing the global climate and water balance. This can be described as a great experi­ment, one that may bring about changes in the environment more serious than ever before.

The essential feature in the environment protection is that many problems can be solved only on the level of world community³. Therefore, the planning of protection against pollu­tion by human society as a whole⁴ is imperative today and in the near future. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources, both renewable and non-renewable. It is the joint efforts of many scien­tists and special public organizations that can deal with the prob­lem and take necessary measures to protect the environment.

It is still a big job and much remains to be done⁵. However, sci­entists are confident that planned actions of all countries can elimi­nate pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water and soil and in safeguarding natural resources. At the same time one must

Realize that social and political circumstances may stand in the way of further progress in this field.

Notes to the Text

Good will — добрая воля

Standpoint — точка зрения

Community — сообщество

As a whole — в целом

5. much remains to be done — еще многое предстоит (оста­ется) сделать

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 17. Просмотрите текст 2А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What is ecology? 3. How does wa­ter (air) become polluted? 4. Why is the problem of water pollution becoming a global problem?

Упражнение 18. Найдите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в Present Continuous, переведите.

1. Water and air are becoming more and more polluted. 2. At present computers are more widely used in the sphere of education. 3. Where were you at six o'clock? We were studying in the read­ing-room. 4. There are government and public organizations that are analysing data on land, forest and air. 5. New courses of educa­tion such as management are being organized in many institutes. 6. What will you be doing in the laboratory tomorrow morning? We shall be watching the operation of a new device. 7. Measures are being taken to save Lake Baikal. 8. The situation at Lake Baikal is remaining very serious. 9. Much attention is being paid at present to the development of international scientific contacts. 10. Science is becoming a leading factor in the progress of mankind.

Упражнение 19. А. Найдите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в Continuous Passive, переведите.

Cambridge University was formed in the 12th century. 2. The solution of ecological problems may be achieved only by joint efforts of all countries. 3. Great changes in people's lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress. 4. The theory of interaction of atmospheric and oceanic processes is being developed to determine the weather of the planet. 5. The teachers at Cambridge are called «dons» or «tutors». 6. Computers and la-

sers are being widely introduced at plants and factories. 7. The most important ecological problems must be considered at the govern­ment level. 8. The training at Cambridge and Oxford is carried out by tutorial system.

В. Переделайте предложения из действительного в страдательный залог.

1. Не is writing a letter at the moment. 2. John was preparing report all day yesterday. 3. We are learning grammar now. 4. At present mankind is making considerable investments to eliminate air pollution. 5. Today the changes in the global climate and wa­ter balance are bringing about serious changes in the environ­ment. 6. Many scientists are constantly carrying out experimental work to solve the problem of environment protection. 7. The com­pany is making plans for the future.

Упражнение 20. Найдите предложения, где it является формальным под­лежащим, личным местоимением или входит в состав усилительной конст­рукции; переведите.

1. It is dark here. Please, turn on the light. 2. It was Gagarin who was the first man to orbit the Earth. 3. Our students study strength of materials. It is a very difficult subject. 4. Mathematics is studied at all technological institutes because every engineer must know it well. 5. It is the most interesting article on this subject. 6. It has become evident that ecological problems can be solved only on the global level. 7. Joint efforts of people throughout the world make it possible to achieve some progress in environment protec­tion. 8. It is the development of robots that will solve some very complex problems of industry. 9. It is evident that research is be­coming more specialized now. 10. The use of the new equipment made it possible to minimize the number of workers. 11. It is indus­trialization that is making ecological problems very serious.

Упражнение 21. Определите функции one и that, переведите предложе­ния.

1. The problem that has become the most important one is the problem of pollution. 2. One can easily understand why the profes­sion of an engineer requires a special college training 3. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with tra­ditional ones. 4. That air and water pollution by industrialization is reaching dangerous levels is realized by everyone. 5. It is the inven­tion of an engine that started the first industrial revolution. 6. The main purpose of education is that graduates must be able to work

with the technology of tomorrow. 7. The education in Oxford and Cambridge is different in many ways from that in other universities. 8. We discussed the first industrial revolution, the one that took place some centuries ago. 9. New robots will have several manipu­lators that will carry out many functions. 10. That computers and robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers. 11. One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air. 12. It is the growth of industrialization that is changing the climate of the planet. 13. The essential feature of higher education in this country is that it combines theory with practice. 14. The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. 15. That the Earth is round was unknown for a long time. 16. It is found that the labour (труд) of a man with secondary education is 108 per cent more effi­cient than that of a man without that education. Moreover, the work of a university or college graduate is 300 per cent more effi­cient than that of a specialist with secondary education.

Упражнение 22. Переведите предложения с союзами сравнения.

1. The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is. 2. The more computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker tech­nological progress will be. 3. The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is. 4. The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country. 5. The quicker we joint our efforts in protecting the environment, the quicker the ecological problems are solved.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 23. Определите по суффиксу, к какой части речи относятся слова.

radioactivity, measurement, interaction, society, nervous, elimination, basic, proportion, seriously, symbolic, anxious, eco­logical.

Упражнение 24. Назовите глаголы, образованные от следующих сущест­вительных, и переведите их.

advancement (продвижение вперед, прогресс), investment (капиталовложение), measurement (измерение), achievement (достижение), improvement (улучшение), fulfillment (выпол­нение).

Упражнение 25. Переведите слова с префиксом re-.

rename, reopen, renew, renewable, non-renewable, renewal.

Упражнение 26. Найдите среди следующих слов:

а) антонимы

slowly, old, at present, small, quickly, in the past, new, large;

б) синонимы

tremendous, epoch, realize, several, work, progress, great, field, era, understand, make it possible, different, achieve, some, advance, enable, area, various, reach, essential, job, important.

Упражнение 27. Составьте предложения, пользуясь словами и выраже­ниями из таблицы.

 

Her friend	are watching	a letter
They	is writing	on the telephone
I	are listening to	the latest news on the radio
You	am reading	the TV programme
We	is speaking	an exercise

Упражнение 28. Придумайте предложения со следующими глагола­ми-сказуемыми:

is changing, was changing, will be changing, are becoming, will be developing, are being introduced, was being solved.

Упражнение 29. Раскройте скобки.

A. When Peter was a child, he had two drawing books. One of
them was (large) than the other. His elder brother bought the
(large) one for him. Peter liked it (well) because the drawings in it
were (large) and simple. He drew something every day. Each new
day his drawing was (good) than the one he had made the day be­
fore. The last page was much (good) than the first one.

B. After graduating from the institute Mike went to Siberia to a
small industrial town. It was (difficult) for him to begin his work as
an engineer than he thought that it would be. He moved to (impor­
tant) city than the first one. He was not (successful) there than be­
fore, however, and sometimes he was even (unhappy). However, he
was (happy) about one thing, he was becoming a (useful) specialist.

C. New York is the (large) city in the US. Perhaps, with all its
suburbs (пригород), it is the (large) city in the world. It is one of

the (important) industrial cities in the country. Some of the (old) and historic buildings are there. Some of the buildings in New York City are the (high) buildings in the whole world. New York City is not only the (large) city in the US; it is also the (important) indus­trial center. Perhaps, the (expensive) office buildings in the world are there. It has the (great) number of factories, the (large) banks and post offices. It sends out many letters and receives the (heavy) mail bags. It is truly the (important) business city.

Упражнение 30. Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его.

The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest —- 29,002 feet high. The largest ocean is the Pacific having a total area of 63,986,000 square miles. The Atlantic Ocean, the next largest, is only 31,530,000 square miles, the Indian Ocean with 28,350,000 square miles comes third. The longest river is the Nile which is more than 4,000 miles longer or about twice the distance by air from London to Beirut. The biggest island is Greenland which be­longs to Denmark and is about 840,000 square miles in extent. The largest lake is the Caspian Sea. Geographers consider it as a lake because it is not connected with any of the great oceans. It has an area of about 170,000 square miles. Which is the deepest sea? So far, as we know at present the greatest depth is in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines and goes down to 37,000 feet, which is much more than the height of Everest. The biggest volcano is in Ecuador, South America. It is still active and 19,612 feet high. There is an­other one between Argentina and Chile and it is more than 3,000 feet higher.

Упражнение 31. Напишите существительные в единственном числе.

cities, countries, societies, universities, technologies, lorries, industries, dictionaries, territories, theories, communities.

Упражнение 32. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

grown, stand, dealing, brought, knew, making, send, found, thought, spending.

Упражнение 33. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря,

It is difficult for mankind to predict (предсказать) changes in the environment accurately. It is known that natural changes in weather and climate may have more catastrophic global effects than human activity. But scientists are developing a new concept

that can help make such prediction more accurately. It is based on our understanding that the Earth is an integral system. Its parts — oceans, atmosphere, land or life — cannot be understood in isola­tion to predict changes in the most accurate way. Modern scientific and technological progress made it possible to use new technolo­gies for that purpose. That satellites can control physical, chemical, biological and geological changes on a global scale is well-known now. One must also know that the study of environmental problems with the help of satellites is becoming international. Russia, the US, France, Japan, Canada, India, China and Italy are planning to send their satellites in both polar and geostationary orbits.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer*the questions according to the example:

What is one of the most important problems for mankind now? (the problem of pol­lution and ecology).

The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important problems for mankind now.

1. What problem is becoming a global problem? (the problem of air and water pollution). 2. What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological ad­vance, good will and large investments). 3. What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on? (the the­ory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global pro­cesses). 4. What factors are slowly changing the global climate and water balance? (the growth of population, industrialization and use of resources). 5. What actions are necessary to take to deal success­fully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world? (planning, developing international programs to study ecological data, joint efforts of scientists and special public organi­zations).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. At present one of the most important problems for mankind

2. The rivers, seas and oceans

3. That purifying air, water and soil is changing from a national to a global problem

 

1. are becoming seriously pol­luted by industry.

2. are successfully being carried out on a global scale.

3. it is possible to eliminate air and water pollution by planned actions of human society as a whole.