The heat used to run the electric generator is not obtained by burning coal, gas, or oil

But from controlled nuclear reactions.

After primary treatment polluted water may be used for drinking.

Water is purified by mechanical and biological methods, cleansed of admixtures and gases.

When designing a heating system for a large building it is usual to ensure efficient

Heating.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

New and different sources of energy have to be found and brought into practical use

Replacement of modernization of mechanical equipment in a plant can increase efficiency.

1. The collector is to absorb solar radiation during the day and transfer heat to the water.
2. People should be concerned about protecting environment and the distribution of natural resources

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст. Выполните задание после текста.

Text. Nuclear Energy

(1) A very rapid growth of energy consumption has oc­curred in the twentieth century.

A major problem is that much of the world's energy supply is based on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are limited and their supply is running out. From this it follows that the future of our energy supply must be based on sources other than fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas.

(2) Hydroelectric, wind, tidal and solar power require much technological development. New and different sources of energy have to be found and brought into practical use. The problem consists in developing technology to extract energy from nature without causing air, water, thermal or radioactive pollution. The wise use of nuclear energy, based on an under­standing of both dangers and benefits, will be required to meet this challenge to our existence.

(3) In the near future about half of electrical supply is expected to come from nuclear sources. There are many factors that will determine the accuracy of this prediction. It is noted that the cost of construction of a nuclear plant is high but the fuel cost is relatively low.

(4) Yet there is considerable confusion in the public mind when it comes to nuclear power plants. There are those who consider it to be a major solution to the world's energy needs. There are opponents with good reason to be critical. In either case we are faced with the rapidly increasing energy demands of the future.

(5) A nuclear power plant is very much like a convention al steam power plant. The only difference is that the heat used to run the electric generator is not obtained by burning coal, gas, or oil but from controlled nuclear reactions.

A nuclear reactor is a device in which these reactions take place.

(6) There are various types of nuclear reactors. All of them operate more or less on the same principle. Yet we always face the fact that the use of nuclear energy requires safe transportation, processing, storage, and disposal of potentially dangerous materials. However the dream of limitless power will force mankind to find solutions to all these problems for the satisfaction of man’s needs.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту. Полученные ответы переведите на русский язык.

1. Where do nuclear reactions take place? 2. What fossil fuels are used at present? 3. What is the use of nuclear energy based on? 4. What are the energy sources of the future? 5. What happens to the heat generated by a reactor? 6. What is the main problem of our century? 7. Does everybody regard nu­clear power a solution to the energy problem? 8. Is a nuclear power plant something radically new?

V. Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста

Many important economic and social benefits are derived from the use of radio isotopes and radiation. Applications of radiation are found in industry, medicine, agriculture as well as in space exploration.

The oldest and best known use of radiation is for medical diagnosis by X-rays. They penetrate the man's body to dif­ferent degrees and shadows of bones and other materials appear on a photographic film.

In industry a fabric can be made soil-resistant, a new type of wood and tiles can be produced.

Radiation finds application in crime investigation, in agriculture for selection of better seeds and for food preser­vation.

The probable age of a piece of art can be determined by testing the paint.

Radiation methods can be of great benefit to history, archeology and anthropology as well, since they can be used to establish dates and events. The determination of the age of minerals in the earth, in meteorites, or on the moon can also be made. The technique is of particular interest in determining the date of the first appearance of man.

Закончите следующее предложениe в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.

Radiation can be used:

a. in medicine for …

B. in industry for..

c. in agriculture for …

d. in art for …

e. in history, archeology and anthropology for ….

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Today scientists are looking for new more efficient nuclear processes of producing energy.
2. The physicists understood that the process of producing tremendous energy by stars was the very process they were looking for.
3. Achievements in studying atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering nature's forces.

b) Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на страдательный залог (Simple Passive)

1. Pumped storage plants are designed and built to rein­force nuclear power.
2. The biggest pumped storage plants have been built in the United States.
3. It all began in June 1954 when the first atomic power station in the world was put into operation in Obninsk.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и определите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. The "classical" solution of this question is conducting the heat generated by the fission process out of the react­or, making it boil water and forcing the resulting steam to drive turbines which, in their turn, drive electric gener­ators.

1. Units with very accurate controls, as used in industrial or large commercial installations, are not required for small residences.
2. Smaller mobile electricity producing units have been created based on the discovery of radioactive sources — isotopes.
3. Mobile nuclear installations may be carried by rail and then by transporters to the regions having no roads.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. The air conditioning unit should be located in the center of the plan.
2. Many problems had to be solved: the main one was that of "braking" the released neutrons efficiently so that the chain reaction could be controlled.
3. Many difficult problems are to be solved before thermonuclear power stations based on this process can become a reality.
4. We must stop using atomic energy on weapons of mass annihila­tion.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст. Выполните задание после текста.

PEACEFUL ATOMS

Achievements in studying atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering nature's forces. The discovery of atomic energy provides as profound effect for the benefit of civilization ' as the discovery of fire and electricity. After having recovered from the shock of unimagin­able horror of the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima people asked scientists how soon they would be able to apply the immense power of fissioned nucleus to peaceful purposes. Many problems had to be solved: the main one was that of "braking" the released neutrons efficiently so that the chain reaction could be controlled.

The "classical" solution of this question is conducting the heat generated by the fission process out of the react­or, making it boil water and forcing the resulting steam to drive turbines which, in their turn, drive electric gener­ators. It is a way which works well although it is still rather expensive.

It is to be noted that the first power station fed by atomic fuels which was also the world's first atomic power station started working in Obninsk, near Moscow, in 1954. Its capacity was 5,000 kilowatts. Thirty years later in Russia there were already 13 atomic power stations with the total capacity of over 21 million kilowatts.

At the same time with large atomic stations smaller mobile electricity producing units have been created based on the discovery of radioactive sources — isotopes. Mobile nuclear installations may 'be carried by rail and then by transporters to the out-of-the-way regions ³ even in areas having no roads. Such a station according to estimates can operate without being recharged for two years.

Today scientists are looking for new more efficient nuclear processes of producing energy. But it was only lately that the physicists understood that the process of producing tremendous energy by stars, including our Sun, was the very process they were looking for. Now we know that this thermonuclear process is called fusion and it takes place at fantastically high temperatures. It can be done only by imitating on the Earth the process that makes the Sun shine.

There are many difficult problems to overcome before thermonuclear power stations based on this process can become a reality, but the problem of fuel supply is the least of them: the oceans of the Earth are practically an inexhaustible source of deuterium which plays the decisive part in the fusion process and its extraction from sea water is neither complicated nor expensive. In short,⁴ peaceful uses of atomic energy are vast -but we must stop using it on weapons of mass annihila­tion.

Notes on the Text

1. provides as profound effect for the benefit of civilization — оказы­вает такое же глубокое влияние на развитие цивилизации