Water is as necessary as air. Вода также необходима как воздух.

Gold is not so light as aluminum. Золото не такое легкое, как

Алюминий.

1. В оборотах типа the (more) … the (better) артикли, стоящие перед прилагательными или наречиями в сравнительной степени,

переводятся чем…, тем.

The higher the temperature, Чем выше температура, тем быстрее

the more rapid is the motion движение молекул.

Of the molecules.

IV. Таблица производных слов от some, any, no

Местоимения	+ thing (что?)	+body или one (кто?)	+ where (где? куда?)
В утвердительных предложениях	Some несколько, некоторый, какой-то	something что-то, кое-что, что-нибудь	somebody, someone кто-то, кто-нибудь	somewhere где-то, куда-то, куда-нибудь
Any любой, всякий	anything все	anybody, anyone любой, всякий	Anywhere везде
В вопросительных предложениях	any какой-нибудь, сколько-нибудь	anything что-нибудь	anybody, anyone кто-нибудь	anywhere где-нибудь, куда-нибудь
В отрицательных предложениях	not any=no никакой	not…anything= nothing ничто, ничего	not…anybody= nobody no one=none никто, никого	not… anywhere= nowhere нигде, никуда

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ SIMPLE

Времена группы Simple употребляются 1) для констатации факта совершения действия или 2) для выражения обычного часто повторяющегося действия в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.

Таблица времен группы Simple

Форма	Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
Утвердительная	My friend study French He speaks English.	My friends studied French at school. He spoke English at the conference.	My friends will study French at the Institute. The teacher will speak about our English exam.
Вопросительная	Do your friends study French? Does he speak English?	Did you friends study French at school? Did he speak English at the conference?	Will your friends study French at the Institute? Will the teacher speak about our English exam?
Отрицательная	My friends don’t study French. He doesn’t speak English.	My friends did not study French. He didn’t speak English at the conference.	My friends will not (won’t) study French at the institute. The teacher won’t speak about our English exam.

Структура специальных вопросов

Вопроси-тельные слова	Вспомога-тельный глагол	Подлежащее и определение к нему	Смысловой глагол в форме инфинитива	Другие члены предложения
What Where When	Do did will	You he your sister	do go return	in the evening? yesterday? home?

Итак, маркерами времен группы Simple являются:

Время	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная и отрицательная формы	Обстоятельства времени
Present Simple	инфинитив глагола без частицы to (Vo), He, she, it – глагол с окончанием –s или-es (Vs)	Вспомогатель- ные глаголы – do или does	today, at present, now
Past Simple	Стандартные глаголы – у глагола окончание –ed (Ved) нестандартные глаголы – 2 форма глагола (в словаре – слово Past)	Вспомогатель- ный глагол did	yesterday– вчера ago- тому назад last year- в прошлом году
Future Simple	will + инфинитивглагола без частицы to	Вспомогатель- ный глагол will	Tomorrow-завтра ina month- через месяц nextweek- на следующей неделе

Контрольные задания

Контрольная работа № 1

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

1. About 1,000 km3 of ice forms every year in Antarctica.
2. Einstein’s work was a great surprise for scientists all over the world.
3. In our modern world air conditioning is of great significance for industrial processes and for human comfort.
4. Einstein studied plenty of subjects to increase his knowledge but physics became his life interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

Floor panel heating in one-story building is of great comfort and low installation cost.

Despite the improvement in water treatment methods many regions of the world cannot cope with the rapid rate of water contamination.

During the recent years there appeared a new problem- the pollution of ground water.

Every day the world shortage of fresh water increases.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

This is a new measuring instrument; its accuracy is much higher than an old instrument.

The bigger the mass, the bigger the weight of the body.

Purity may be as serious a problem as shortages of water.

The most serious problem for city authorities is the disposal of waste water.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. No difficulties exist in the fixing of independent boilers.
2. Some water authorities find it necessary to intermit water supply for various reasons.
3. Any solar battery generates only a small current.
4. Nobody studied natural substances that pollute the atmosphere.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The progress of sanitation in London was typical for the largest cities of Great Britain and the United States.
2. The method of sewage treatment will depend almost entirely on local conditions.
3. All through London’s History until modern times the question of water supply continued to be a problem.

Radiator under the window doesn’t cool on the window and cause condensation.

VI. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й, 2-й и 4-й абзацы текста.

ALBERT EINSTEIN¹

1. Albert Einstein, a well-known German physicist and mathematician, was born in Germany on March 14, 1879. His unusual ability to mathematics and physics began to show itself at a technical school in Zurich.² At the age of 21, after four years of university study, Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an office. But already in 1905 he made revolutionary discoveries in science. He published three papers in the field of physics and mathematics. In the first he explained the photo­electric effect by means of Planck's³ quantum theory. The second paper developed a mathematical theory of Brownian motion.⁴ He presented his third paper on "Special Theory of Relativity" to a physical journal. Einstein expressed his theory in the equation E = me ², roughly that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light.

2. All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. Few physicists understood its impor­tance at that time. Everybody wanted to know as much as possible about the author. In which insti­tute did he teach? In what laboratory did he do his research?

3. Einstein's fame among scientists grew slow­ly but surely. For a few years he lived in Prague⁵ where he worked as a professor. When he came to Pra­gue, he often told his students: "I shall al­ways try to help you. If you have a problem, come to me with it, we shall solve it together." He liked questions and answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions for him. He spoke much with his students about scientific problems and his new ideas. His advice to students was, "Don't take easy problems."

4. In 1921 Einstein got the Nobel Prize in physics not for the theory of relativity but for a logical explanation of the photoelectric effect. After the Great October Socialist Revolution in Rus­sia Einstein became a true friend of the young Social­ist Republic. He established scientific contacts with his colleagues in Soviet Russia.

In 1922 he became a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding contributions to physics and mathematics. On March 14, 1979 by UNESCO decision all people throughout the world celebrated the birth centenary of the great 20th century scientist.

Notes on the Text