What does the hydroengineering complex look like?

How does this complex act?

Is there any analogy of such a construction in the world?

How should the motor-car highway be designed according to the General Plan?

Why does the present government of St.Petersburg decide to resume the construction the defence system to prevent the city from serious damages?

V. Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста

Drainage, Sewerage and Sewage

Drainage is a general term applied to fluid flow along all pipes or open channels which takes liquid wastes or rain water. A land drain is usually a pipe buried in farm land but it may also be an open channel. In a dry hot climate, drains are rarely needed, and irrigation channels or pipes bring water to the fields instead of taking it away.

Sewage however is rather different. It is the liquid, usually domestic wastes from a community, and it must be carefully distinguished from sewerage. Sewerage means mainly the pipes or drains which carry sewage but can include all: sewage collection, treatment and removal.

Sewerage systems are either "separate" or "combined". In separate systems the rain water is passed through a different drain from the sanitary sewer containing the sewage and they are therefore more expensive than drains but the sewage treat­ment is easier.

Закончите следующее предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Drainage is …

2. Sewage is …

3. Sewerage is …

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Other factors will not influence the operation of this system.

A great variety of reasons causes the pollution of ground water.

For three years these scientists have studied the atmospheric transformation of natural substances that pollute the atmosphere.

b) Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на страдательный залог (Simple Passive)

1. These systems will be proposed to improve air quality in a building.

Different methods are used to store radioactive wastes, depending upon their physical forms and radioactivity

1. He was offered to work with the architect of whom he had heard much before.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и определите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides.

At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources.

The power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future.

4. The efficiency reached when gener­ating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Scientists are to solve these and many other problems.

2. What has to be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy?

3. It should be noted that the generation of elec­tricity by these conventional processes

is highly uneconom­ic.

4. Hydrogene can be transported over large distances using conventional pipe­lines.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст. Выполните задание после текста.

SOURCES OF POWER

1. The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and light­ing systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.

2. At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e. coal, natural gas and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Elec­tricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.

It should be noted, however, that the generation of elec­tricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconom­ic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not ever-lasting. On the other hand,² the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.

3. One is the energy of hot waters. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electricity. Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides. Our engineers are en­gaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities. The first station utilizing this principle began operating in Russia on the Barents Sea in 1968.

4. The energy of the sun which is being used in various ways represents a practically unlimited source. Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached when gener­ating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.

5. No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best³ to find more efficient ways of gene­rating electricity directly from the fuel. They already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work ⁴ trying to solve these and many other problems.

Notes on the Text

1. i. e. (лат. id est) =that is — то есть

2. on the other hand — с другой стороны;

To do one's best — делать все возможное

Hard at work — упорно работают

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.

What is the industrial progress of mankind based on?

Whish is the first widely applied method of producing electricity at present?

Which is the second way of generating power?

What (how high) is the efficiency of these two methods?

What do we use the energy of hot waters for?

When and where did the first power station using ocean tides begin operating in Russia?

What can you say about the energy of the sun?

What fuel is the most promising for the production of electricity?

Is the efficiency of generating power from atomic fuel high or not?

What problem do scientists pay great attention to?

How high may the efficiency of devices converting electricity directly from the fuel be?

V. Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста

HYDROGEN – SOURCE OF POWER

Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are practically unli­mited. Per unit of weight it contains almost three times more thermal energy than benzene. Besides, hydrogen can be used as fuel in transport, industry and home.

Hydrogen is easy to transport and store. It can be transported over large distances using conventional pipe­lines. It can be accumulated and kept for a long time either in conventional or natural reservoirs.

Scientists have found many ways of producing hydro­gen — basically from ordinary water. And large volumes of this fuel can be obtained from coal, whose global re­serves are tremendous. There is also an idea of using nuclear power plants to generate hydrogen. Scientists hope to use the energy of the sun, wind and tides to obtain hydrogen.

In several countries car engines fed by hydrogen have been tested successfully. Tests have also shown that adding five to ten per cent hydrogen to benzene increases engine efficiency by 40-45 per cent.

What is still-holding back the use of hydrogen as fuel, and what has to be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy? The main reason is that now it is more expensive than mineral fuels, but in the near future hydro­gen can be made cheaper to obtain. This new kind of ener­gy opens up new prospects in aviation, metallurgy and some other industries.

Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Scientists consider hydrogen ….

2. Hydrogen can be used as fuel in transport, industry and home because …

3. Hydrogen can be produced by different ways….

4. Adding a few per cent of hydrogen to benzene ….

5. Hydrogen is not used widely as a fuel at present because … but in future …

CONTROL WORK N 3