Exercise 16. Complete the sentences choosing suitable words from the box.

 

Moaning, prescribing, secreting, defining, having, smoking, relieving, bleeding

 

1. There are millions of people all over the world who gave up ………….

2. The gastric glands begin ………… before food enters the stomach.

3. The patient started ………. when the doctor began palpating his abdomen.

4. Erosions, ulcers and tumours can cause ………………..

5. Administration of drugs is an important part of ……… symptoms of gastritis.

6. The patient complained of …………. severe headaches which were not relieved by medications.

7. Making a correct diagnosis and ……………..a proper treatment leads to a quick recovery.

8. The blood can’t be transfused without …………. its blood group.

Exercise 17. Put questions to underlined words:

1. Stomach acids contribute to ulcer formation.

2. Slight elevation of temperature is observed in acute gastritis.

3. A diagnosis can be based on the history changes of the chest X-ray.

4. The patient has noticed that her gastric pains appear after eating.

5. There are several types of gastritis.

6. The pain often occurs between meals and early in the morning.

7. The bacteria have produced substances that weaken the stomach’s mucosa.

8. The patient felt much relief after having taken this drug.

 

Exercise 18. Open the brackets and translate the sentences:

1. Indirect laryngoscopy usually (to disclose) marked erythema of the mucous membrane.

2. Next Monday the patient suffering from severe liver damage (to make) a dialysis.

3. Preventive measures already (to carry) out to prevent early signs of gastric cancer.

4. The patient (to feel) relief after he (to take) this medicine 2 hours before.

5. While the doctor (to examine) the patient, he (to notice) the enlargement of lymphatic glands.

6. If gastritis (not to treat) properly, it will lead to even cancer of the stomach.

7. The patient (to suffer) from chronic gastritis for over 3 years.

8. This patient (to become) ambulatory 2 weeks ago.

 

Exercise 19. Translate into English:

1. Гастрит – це запалення слизової оболонки шлунка, спричинене надмірним вживання алкоголю чи не стероїдним препаратами.

2. Більшість людей, які хворіють на гастрит, спочатку не відчувають розладів травної системи.

3. Гастрит супроводжується нудотою, блювотою з домішками крові, відрижкою, та іншими розладами травної системи.

4. Пацієнти повинні уникати вживання гострої їжі, алкогольних напоїв та припинити палити.

5. Антацидні препарати дуже часто призначають для лікування гастриту.

6. Антацидні препарати дуже добре нейтралізують кисле середовище у шлунку і швидко знімають біль.

7. Гастрит може проходити з підвищеною або зниженою кислотністю.

8. Пацієнти можуть відчувати печію та здуття черевної порожнини.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: 1. загрозлива для життя хвороба 2. печія та здуття черевної порожнини 3. ліки, що дозволені до продажу без рецепту 4. розгорнутий аналіз крові 5. злоякісна анемія 6. вистилка шлунку 7. зловживання алкоголю 8. значне полегшення 9. наслідки хвороби 10. блювота з домішками крові   II. Дайте відповідь на наступні питання: 1. What is gastritis? 2. What are the symptoms of gastritis? 3. What are the causes of gastritis? 4. How is gastritis treated? 5. What is the diagnosis of gastritis based on?   ІІІ. Дайте визначення: гастрит

 

Test

1. The stomach lining contains special cells that produce ………………...

A) sputum B) acid and enzymes C) bacteria D) bile E) mucous

2. NSAIDs can …………… gastritis.

A) Relieve B) contribute to C) cause D) treat E) aggravate

3. ……………. causes are infection with bacteria, primarily H. pylori, chronic bile reflux and stress.

A) acute B) atrophic C) chronic D) gangrenous E) unchangeable

4. Pernicious aneamia results when the body doesn’t produce enough …………

A) iron B) zink C) B₆ D) B₁₂ E) vitamin C

5. Consumption of spicy food is contraindicated because it ………… the mucosa of the stomach.

A) soothes B) irritates C) ruptures D)protects E)provoke

6. …………… can provide fast pain relief.

A) antacids B) cytoprotective agents C) proton pump inhibitor

D) antibiotics E) antiretroviral drugs

7. ……………. inhibit the growth of bacteria.

A) antacids B)cytoprotective agents C) proton pump inhibitor

D) antibiotics E) vasodilators

8. ……………… is an instrument inserted through the mouse to inspect the inside of the stomach.

a) Gastroscope b) Gastrectomy c) Gastromalacia d) Gastralgia

e) Gastrotomy

9. Gastritis appears ………… the inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

A) with B) of C) due to D) by E) in

10. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due ……….. a great variety of causes.

A) from B) to C) on D) in E) off

 

GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

aggravate, v	[' æɡrəveɪt]	загострювати; посилювати; погіршувати
appetite, n	[ˎ æpɪ'taɪt]	апетит
aspirin, n	[' æsprɪn]	аспірин
belch, v	[' beltʃ]	відрижка; відригувати
caffeine, n	[' kæfi:n]	кофеїн
gnaw, v	['nɔ:]	палити
helicobacter pylori	[helikə'bæktə paɪ'lɔ:raɪ]	гелікоба́ктер піло́рі
hydrochloric acid	['haɪdrəʊ' klɒrɪk 'æsɪd]	соляная кислота
ibuprofen, n	[aɪ 'bju:prəʊfən]	ібупрофен
lesion, n	['lɪʒən]	пошкодження, ушкодження; ураження
pepsin, n	[' pepsɪn]	пепсин
perforation, n	[ˎpɜ:fə'reɪʃn]	порив, перфорація
peritonitis, n	[ˎperitə'naɪtɪs]	запалення очеревини, перитоніт
recurrence, n	[' rɪ'kʌrəens]	повернення, повторення
sore, adj	[' sɔ:]	болючий; запалений; виразка, рана
susceptible, adj	[' sə'septɪbl]	вразливий; сприйнятливий
tarry stool	['tærɪ stu:l]	дьогтеподібний стул
ulcer, n	['ʌlsə]	виразка
vulnerable, adj	['vʌlnərəbəl]	уразливий
weaken, v	['wi:kən]	ослабляти

 

Exercise 2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the given word-combinations:

A lesion on the skin, gastric ulcers, lifestyle factors, to cause a duodenal ulcer, stomach acids, the primary cause, to weaken the stomach protective mucosa, damaging effect of acid, to be more susceptible, the healing process, to contribute to ulcer recurrence, to stimulate acid secretion in the stomach, to aggravate the pain, heavy alcohol consumption, to be vulnerable to the harmful effects of acid, a burning pain, between the breastbone and the navel, belching and nausea, to avoid spicy foods, to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach, to prevent ulcers from recurring

 

Exercise 3. Match the following terms with their definitions:

a) perforation	1. The enlarged muscular saclike part of the alimentary canal in which food is stored until it has been partially digested and rendered into chyme
b) stomach	2. The development or the act of perforating or the state of being perforated
c) helicobacter pylori	3. A disintegration of the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane resulting in an open sore that heals very slowly
d) tarry stools	4. The first part of the small intestine, between the stomach and the jejunum
e) ulcer	5. … is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in the stomach, and may be present in other parts of the body, such as the eye.
f) duodenum	6. In medicine it refers to the black, "tarry" feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The black color is caused by the hemoglobin in the blood being altered by digestive chemicals and intestinal bacteria.
g) pepsin	7. Expelling the wind from the stomach noisily through the mouth
h) belching	8. Pepsinogen a proteolytic enzyme produced in the stomach in the inactive form, which, when activated by acid, splits proteins into peptones

 

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to Grammar:

1. Some lifestyle factors are thought to cause ulcers.

2. Specific bacteria are considered to be the primary cause of gastric ulcers.

3. Gastritis is known to be an inflammatory process in the stomach.

4. Caffeine seems to aggravate the pain of an existing ulcer.

5. Heavy alcohol consumption is likely to play a role in the development of stomach or duodenal ulcers.

6. Smoking is known to slow the healing process of ulcers.

7. Complications are likely to be caused by profuse bleeding.

8. Some drugs proved to make the stomach vulnerable to the harmful effects of gastric acid.

9. Emotional stress is no longer thought to be the primary cause of ulcers.

10. Patients with duodenal ulcer were found to be too nervous.

 

Exercise 5. Read the text and write out the key words:

Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

An ulcer is an open sore, or lesion, usually found on the skin or mucous membrane areas of the body. When the ulcer is in the stomach, it is called a gastric (peptic) ulcer. When the ulcer is in the duodenum, it is called a duodenal ulcer.

In the past lifestyle factors, such as stress and diet, were believed to cause ulcers. Later, researchers determined that stomach acids contributed to ulcer formation. Today, research shows that most ulcers (80 percent of gastric ulcers and 90 percent of duodenal ulcers) develop as a result of infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

Although all three of these factors — lifestyle, stomach acid and H. pylori — are believed to play a role in ulcer development, H. pylori is considered to be the primary cause.

Factors suspected of playing a role in the development of stomach or duodenal ulcers are Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria producing substances that weaken the stomach's protective mucosa and make it more susceptible to the damaging effects of acid and pepsin.

Smoking. Smoking increases the chances of getting an ulcer, slows the healing process of existing ulcers, and contributes to ulcer recurrence.

Caffeine. Caffeine seems to stimulate acid secretion in the stomach, which can aggravate the pain of an existing ulcer

Alcohol. Ulcers are often linked to heavy alcohol consumption.

Stress. Although emotional stress is no longer thought to be a cause of ulcers, people with ulcers often report that emotional stress increases ulcer pain.

Acid and pepsin. The stomach's inability to defend itself against gastric acids - hydrochloric acid and pepsin - is believed to contribute to ulcer formation.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen and others) make the stomach vulnerable to the harmful effects of acid and pepsin.

The most common ulcer symptom is a gnawing or burning pain in the abdomen between the breastbone and the navel. The pain often occurs between meals and early in the morning. It may last from a few minutes to a few hours. Less common ulcer symptoms include belching, nausea, vomiting, bloody or dark tarry stools, poor appetite, loss of weight, malaise, and fatigue.

People with ulcers may experience serious complications. The most common problems include bleeding, perforation, narrowing and obstruction of intestinal opening, peritonitis.

Recommended treatment may include:

Lifestyle changes. People with ulcers should avoid spicy, fatty, or acidic foods. Smoking has been shown to delay ulcer healing and has been linked to ulcer recurrence; therefore, people with ulcers should not smoke.

Medications. Gastric and duodenal ulcers are treated with several types of medications to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach. When treating H. pylori, these medications are often used in combination with antibiotics.

Surgery. In most cases, anti-ulcer medicines heal ulcers quickly and effectively, and eradication of H. pylori prevents most ulcers from recurring. However, people who do not respond to medication or who develop complications may require surgery.

 

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences and answer them:

1 What ulcers are called...?

2 What lifestyle factors were believed...?

3 What is the... cause of ulcers?

4 How does H. pylori affect the stomach and cause...?

5 Why does smoking play a role in...?

6... increases ulcer pain?

7 What complications...?

8... should people with ulcers avoid?

9 What types of medications...?

10 When may a surgical operation...?

 

Exercise 7. Look through the text and find out expressions synonymic to the given ones:

The major cause, to make pain worse, bad effects, acid production, to decrease the amount of acid, alcohol intake, need the operation, hemorrhage, medicines for ulcer.