Exercise 12. Open the brackets put the verbs into the appropriate tense

1. Kidney stones (to result) from the growth of crystal into stones.

2. Nephrolithiasis (to be) more common in men.

3. Dietary restrictions (not to advice) in nephrolithiasis.

4. Diuretics sometimes (to administer) to treat kidney stones.

5. Treatment of acute stones events (to depend) on the size of the stone.

6. Many patients who (to have) a kidney stone, (to have) another one.

7. Calcium stones usually (to cause) by high intake of certain substances, such as salt.

8. This patient (to complain) of frequent and painful urination for 10 days.

Exercise 13. Read the definition and fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets:

1. Any non-inflammatory degenerative kidney disease - …..

2. Pain in a kidney - ….

3. A medical instrument for examination the urethra - ….

4. Surgical removal of a kidney - ….

5. Plastic surgery on the pelvis - ….

6. Any pelvis disease - ….

(Pyeloplasty, nephrosis, nephralgia, urethroscope, pyelitis, nephrectomy)

 

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Ниркова коліка виникає, коли камінь закупорює сечовід.

2. Повторна закупорка сечоводу може призвести до піонефрозу чи гідронефрозу.

3. Доведено, що велике каміння може призвести до руйнування та повної втрати нирки.

4. Ниркова коліка супроводжується нестерпним болем, нудотою, блюванням та частим сечовипусканням.

5. Щоб виявити камені в нирках, аналіз крові та сечі призначається.

6. Деякі ліки можуть попередити утворення каменів або допомогти роздробити існуючі.

7. Іноді камені можуть бути присутні в нирках протягом кількох років без ніяких симптомів.

8. Хірургічне втручання необхідне, якщо камені дуже великі.

 

Exercise 15. Read and try to guess what this dialogue is about:

Doctor: Are you having any trouble with your waterworks?

Mr. Jones: Well, I do seem to have to go to the toilet more often that I used to.

Doctor: How often is that?

Mr. Jones: It depends, but sometimes it’s every hour or even more often.

Doctor: What about at night? Do you have to get up at night?

Mr. Jones: Yes. Nearly always two or three times.

Doctor: Do you get any burning or pain when you pass water?

Mr. Jones: No, not usually.

Doctor Do you have any trouble getting started?

Mr. Jones: No.

Doctor: Is the stream normal? I mean is there still a good strong flow?

Mr. Jones: Perhaps not quite so good as it used to be.

Doctor: Do you ever lose control of your bladder? Any leaking or dribbling?

Mr. Jones: Well, perhaps a little dribbling from time to time.

Doctor: Have you ever passed blood in the urine?

Mr. Jones: No, never.

 

Exercise 16. Describe the term “Nephrolithiasis” according to the table:

1.	General characteristics
2.	Symptoms
3.	Analyses
4.	Treatment
5.	Complications

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

1. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення: 1. Заповнити ниркову миску 2. Спричинити закупорку з застоєм 3. Потрапляти в сечовід 4. Ниркова коліка 5. Віддавати (про біль) в спину, живіт і пах 6. Спазм черевних м’язів 7. Переміщення каменів 8. Повна втрата нирки 9. Мікроскопічна гематурія та альбумінурія 10. Залучати кору нирки   2. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. How does nephrolithiasis develop? 2. When doe renal colic occur? 3. How are stones carried in the kidneys? 4. Where doe excruciating pain originate during nephrolithiasis? 5. What symptoms may appear during nephrolithiasis?   6. Розкрийте поняття:нефролітіаз

 

Test

1. The manifestation of renal calculi are....

a) rare b) frequent c) constant d) variable e) unchangeable

2. In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for...

a) hours b) days c) years d) weeks e) several minutes

3. More commonly, a mild infection develops in the pelvis about the stone and involves... of the kidney.

a) nephron b) body c) cortex d) artery e) medulla

4. The infection may progress to....

a) cancer b) pyonephrosis c) nephritis d) pyelonephritis

e) glomerulonephritis

5. Calcium oxalate stones usually are....

a) small and hard b) large and soft c) irregular d) enormous e) tiny

6. Migration of a stone may cause... with resultant stasis, infection and clinical manifestations.

a) destruction b) inflammation c) necrosis d) cyanosis; e) obstruction

7. When a stone enters and obstructs the ureter,... occurs.

a) inflammation b) renal colic c) necrosis d) pain e) nephritis

8. Persistent or repeated obstruction leads to....

a) nephritis b) pyelonephritis c) glomeronephritis d) pyonephrosis e) acute inflammation

9. Examination reveals... over the involved kidney and ureter.

a) acute pain b) severe inflammation c) slight soreness d) calculus

e) no pain

10. Anuria and uremia ensue if the obstruction is....

a) lateral b) bilateral c) partial d) complete; e) long-term

 

Diabetes mellitus

 

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

1. blurred, adj	[blɜːd]	розпливчастий
2. complaint, n	[kəmˈpleɪnt]	скарга
3. deficiency, n	[dɪˈfɪʃənsi]	дефіцит, вiдсутнiсть
4. ensure, v	[ɪnˈʃʊə(r)]	забезпечувати
5. fail, v	[feɪl]	зазнати невдачi, провалитися
6. gradual, adj	[ˈɡrædʒuəl]	поступовий
7. juvenile, adj	[ˈdʒuːvənaɪl]	юнацький
8. precede, v	[prɪˈsiːd]	передувати
9. properly, adj	[ˈprɒpəli]	правильно
10. require, v	[rɪˈkwaɪə(r)]	вимагати
11. result from, v	[rɪˈzʌlt]	виникати внаслідок
12. result in, v	[rɪˈzʌlt]	приводити
13. respond to, v	[rɪˈspɒnd]	реагувати
14. subtle, adj	[ˈsʌtəl]	ледь відчутний
15. suspected, adj	[səˈspekt]	підозрюваний
16. trigger, v	[ˈtrɪɡər]	спонукати
17.thirst, n	[θɜːst]	спрага

 

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Vision: blurred vision; double vision; field of vision; to lose one’s vision; to have another vision; tunnel vision. The troops were slowly advancing through the fields using night vision goggles. The optician told me I had twenty-twenty vision.

Deficiency: insulin deficiency; deficiency disease; Zinc deficiency.

Absorption: glucose absorption; intestinal drug absorption; molecular absorption; gas absorption.

Failure: the body’s failure; heart failure; kidney failure. Failure is the first step to success. Fear of failure must never be a reason not to try something.

Changes: gradual changes; a change for the better; metabolic changes.

 

Exercise 3. Complete the table with the missing words (you may need a dictionary):

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
	failure
		inherited
	injection
treat
develop
		dependent

 

Exercise 4.Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Insulin deficiency, gestational diabetes, treatable forms, the most common type, glucose absorption, a common complaint, rapid vision changes, inherited diabetes, gradual changes, subtle development, prolonged high blood glucose, suspected cases, to use properly, blurred vision, prescribed therapy, self-glucose monitoring.

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, often simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes: results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes).

Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM for short, and adult-onset diabetes).

Gestational diabetes is when pregnant women who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.

The cause of diabetes depends on the type. Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections. Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.

All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became available in 1921, and type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications. Both type 1 and 2 are chronic conditions that usually cannot be cured.

At least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common, affecting 90 to 95% of diabetes population, for example, in the U.S.

Signs and symptoms

The classical symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (frequent urinartion), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes while type 2 diabetes they usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or absent. The elevated plasma glucose levels cause marked glucosouria and an osmotic diuresis resulting in dehydration.

Prolonged high blood glucose causes glucose absorption, which leads to changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes, resulting in vision changes; blurred vision is a common complaint leading to a diabetes diagnosis; type 1 should always be suspected in cases of rapid vision change, whereas with type 2 change is generally more gradual, but should still be suspected.

The main complications of diabetes mellitus are diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, foot ulcers.

Treatment regimens differ. Patient education is important to ensure the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy. All patients should be instructed in self-glucose monitoring.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What is diabetes mellitus?

2. How many types of diabetes you know?

3. What is type 1 diabetes?

4. What is type 2 diabetes?

5. What is gestational diabetes?

6. When did insulin become available?

7. What are the classical symptoms of diabetes?

8. What does prolonged high blood glucose cause?

9. What are the main complications of diabetes?